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Hematology
| Test Result | Canine | Feline |
|---|---|---|
| HCT* | 41 - 58 % | 31 - 48 % |
| RBC* | 5.7 - 8.5 x106/µL | 6.9 - 10.1 x106/µL |
| Hgb* | 14.1 - 20.1 g/dl | 10.9 - 15.7 g/dl |
| MCV* | 64 - 76 fL | 40 - 52 fL |
| MCH* | 21 - 26 pg | 13 - 17 pg |
| MCHC* | 33 - 36 g/dL | 32 - 35 g/dL |
| RDW* | 10.6 - 14.3 % | 13.2 - 17.5 % |
| NRBC | 0-1 /100 WBC | 0-1 /100 WBC |
| Retic* | 0.2 - 1.5 % | 0.1 - 0.7 % |
| Retic* | 11 - 92 x 109/L | 9 - 61 x 109/L |
| WBC* | 5.7 - 14.2 x103/µL | 5.1 - 16.2 x103/µL |
| Neutrophils | 2.7 - 9.4 x103/µL | 2.3 - 11.6 x103/µL |
| Bands | 0 - 0.1 x103/µL | 0 - 0.1 x103/µL |
| Lymphocytes | 0.9 - 4.7 x103/µL | 0.9 - 6 x103/µL |
| Monocytes | 0.1 - 1.3 x103/µL | 0 - 0.7 x103/µL |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 - 2.1 x103/µL | 0.1 - 1.8 x103/µL |
| Basophils | 0 - 0.1 x103/µL | 0 - 0.2 x103/µL |
| Platelets* | 186 - 545 x103/µL | 195 - 624 x103/µL |
| MPV* | 8.4 - 14.1 fL | 9.1 - 24.3 fL |
| TP-Ref. | 5.9 - 7.8 g/dL | 5.9 - 7.5 g/dL |
Chemistry
| Test Result | Canine | Feline |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium | 145-153 mEq/L | 151-158 mEq/L |
| Potassium | 4.1-5.6 mEq/L | 4.0 - 5.9 mEq/L |
| Chloride | 105-116 mEq/L | 113-123 mEq/L |
| Bicarbonate | 15-25 mEq/L | 15-24 mEq/L |
| Anion Gap | 17-27 mEq/L | 18-25 mEq/L |
| Glucose | 63-118 mg/dL | 64-144 mg/dL |
| BUN | 10-32 mg/dL | 16-36 mg/dL |
| Creatinine | 0.6-1.4 mg/dL | 0.6-2.0 mg/dL |
| SDMA | 0-14 µg/dL | 0-14 µg/dL |
| Uric Acid | 0.1-0.3 mg/dL | 0-0.5 mg/dL |
| Total Bilirubin | 0-0.2 mg/dL | 0-0.2 mg/dL |
| Direct Bilirubin | 0-0.1 mg/dL | 0-0.1 mg/dL |
| Indirect Bilirubin | 0-0.2 mg/dL | 0-0.2 mg/dL |
| Alk Phos | 17-111 U/L | 13-83 U/L |
| gamma GT | 0-6 U/L | 0-2 U/L |
| ALT/ P5P | 20-98 U/L | 35-176 U/L |
| AST/ P5P | 14-51 U/L | 15-44 U/L |
| SDH | 0-8 U/L | 0-10 U/L |
| GLDH | 2-11 U/L | 0-4 U/L |
| CK | 48-261 U/L | 73-388 U/L |
| LDH | 30-236 U/L | 57-451 U/L |
| Total Protein | 5.3-7.0 g/dL | 6.3-8.3 g/dL |
| Albumin | 3.1-4.2 g/dL | 2.8-4.2 g/dL |
| Globulin | 1.9-3.6 g/dL | 2.7-4.9 g/dL |
| A/G | 0.9-2.1 | 0.6-1.6 |
| Calcium | 9.3-11.4 mg/dL | 9.1-10.9 mg/dL |
| Phosphate | 2.9-5.2 mg/dL | 2.7-6.2 mg/dL |
| Magnesium | 1.4-2.2 mg/dL | 1.6-2.3 mg/dL |
| Cholesterol | 138-332 mg/dL | 66-317 mg/dL |
| Triglycerides | 22-125 mg/dL | 25-133 mg/dL |
| Amylase | 377-1220 U/L | 532-2008 U/L |
| Lipase | 78-765 U/L | 5-222 U/L |
| Iron | 78-214 µg/dL | 53-145 µg/dL |
| TIBC | 270-496 µg/dL | 226-432 µg/dL |
| Saturation | 23-61 % | 15-49 % |
| Bile Acids (fasted/random) |
0-13 µmol/L | 0-13 µmol/L |
| Bile Acids (postprandial) |
0-30 µmol/L | 0-25 µmol/L |
| Cholinesterase | 1895-5240 U/L | 736-3016 U/L |
| BHB | 0-1 mg/dL | 0-2 mg/dL |
| NEFA | 0.1-1.2 mEq/L | 0.13-1.32 mEq/L |
| Fructosamine | 222-348 Umol/L | 174-294 Umol/L |
Urinalysis
| Test Result | Canine | Feline |
|---|---|---|
| Color | Yellow or light amber | Yellow or light amber |
| Appearance | Clear | Clear |
| Specific Gravity | 1.015-1.045 | 1.025-1.060 |
| pH | 5.5-8.5 | 5.5-8.5 |
| Protein | Negative to Trace | Negative to Trace |
| Occult Blood | Negative to Trace | Negative to Trace |
| Glucose | Negative | Negative |
| Ketones | Negative | Negative |
| Bilirubin | Negative to 1+ | Negative |
| RBC | 0–8/HPF - Voided, 0–5/hpf - catheterized, 0–3/hpf - cystocentesis | |
| WBC | 0–8/HPF - Voided, 0–5/hpf - catheterized, 0–3/hpf - cystocentesis | |
Common Crystals
| Crystal | pH | Details |
| Ammonium biurate | Acidic to neutral, rarely alkaline: pH ≤ 7 | Variably sized, mostly small to medium, brown, spherical to irregular crystals (“thorny” apple). Common in Dalmations, English bulldogs. In other breeds of dogs or cats, ammonium crystals suggest liver dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. May occur with amorphous urates or sodium urate (needles or prisms) but uncommonly. Xanthine crystals, which can form after allopurinol treatment, can mimic ammonium biurate crystals (yellow-brown with small projections |
| Amorphous | Phosphates: pH ≥ 7 Urates: pH ≤ 7 | Small, irregularly shaped crystals. Can be of different composition (urates, xanthine, phosphate) depending on pH.Can be seen in healthy animals.Mimic bacterial cocci – perform a gram stain or regular cytology smear to differentiate. |
| Bilirubin | Acidic: pH < 7 | Small needle-like to granular yellow or yellow-brown crystals.Indicates bilirubinuria due to conjugated (direct) bilirubin.Bilirubinuria can be normal in dogs (to some degree) but is abnormal in other species. |
| Calcium oxalate dihydrate | Neutral to acidic: pH ≤ 7 | Mostly small, but can be large. Colorless octahedrons, “envelopes”.Can be seen in healthy animals or in animals with calcium oxalate uroliths. Can also be seen with hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria (eg. ethylene glycol or oxalate rich plant ingestion). Develop over time with storage of urine. |
| Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) | Neutral to alkaline: pH ≥ 7 | Usually large.Can be seen in healthy dogs, cats. Also common in bacterial-induced alkalinuria and with sterile struvite or mixed uroliths. |
| Uric acid | Acidic: pH < 7 | Variably sized, small to medium, with some large forms. Yellow, red-brown or brown, rarely colorless.Variable in shape: Rhomboid to diamond crystals, often with pointed ends, hexagonal flat crystals, rosettes, barrel shapes, needles (uncommon) |
| Calcium oxalate monohydrate | Neutral or acidic: pH ≤ 7 | Mostly medium to small.Oval, spindle, dumb-bell and picket shaped forms. Oval, spindle or dumb-bell forms are infrequently seen in urine from healthy dogs and cats but can be seen in hypercalciuric conditions and ethylene glycol toxicity.Picket fence form are commonly observed in ethylene glycol toxicity in dogs and cats, but can also be seen in animals with hypercalciuria due to other causes (e.g. lymphoma). |
| Cystine | Neutral to acidic: pH ≤ 7 | Variably sized, mostly medium. Flat colorless hexagonal plates, which often aggregates.Indicative of cystinuria, a rare inborn error of amino acid metabolism affecting many breeds of dogs. |
Blood Gas
| Test Result | Canine | Feline |
|---|---|---|
| pH* | 7.31 - 7.46 | 7.21 - 7.41 |
| pCO2* | 27 - 50 | 28 - 50 |
| pO2** | - | - |
| HCO3 | 17 - 28 | 16 - 23 |
| TCO2 | 18 - 29 | 17 - 24 |
| SBE | -7 to 2.9 | -8.5 to -1.5 |
| Na | 145 - 151 | 149 - 157 |
| K | 3.9 - 5.1 | 3.3 - 4.5 |
| Cl | 110 - 119 | 117 - 127 |
| AG | 11 - 20 | 13 - 20 |
| Calcium | 1.16 - 1.40 | 1.11 - 1.38 |