| Common Name | Chemical Name |
| acetic acid | ethanoic acid |
| acetone | propanone |
| acetylene | ethyne |
| alcohol | ethanol |
| alum | potash alum |
| alumina | aluminium oxide |
| aqua fortis (archaic) | nitric acid |
| baking soda | sodium bicarbonate |
| baryta | barium hydroxide |
| bicarbonate of soda | sodium bicarbonate |
| blue vitriol (archaic) | copper sulphate |
| boracic acid | boric acid |
| borax | sodium borate |
| Borazon (trademark) | boron nitride |
| calomel | mercurous chloride |
| carbolic acid | phenol |
| carbonic acid gas (archaic) | carbon dioxide |
| carbon tetrachloride | tetrachloromethane |
| carborundum | silicon carbide |
| caustic potash | potassium hydroxide |
| caustic soda | sodium hydroxide |
| Chile saltpetre | sodium nitrate |
| chloroform | trichloroethane |
| chrome yellow | lead chromate |
| cinnabar | mercuric sulphide |
| common salt | sodium chloride |
| copperas | ferrous sulphate or iron(II) sulphate |
| copper vitriol (archaic) | copper sulphate |
| corrosive sublimate (dated) | mercuric chloride |
| corundum | aluminium oxide |
| cream of tartar | potassium hydrogen tartrate |
| cyanide | sodium (or potassium) cyanide |
| dry ice | (solid) carbon dioxide |
| Epsom salts sulphate | magnesium |
| ether | diethyl ether |
| ethyl alcohol | ethanol |
| firedamp | methane |
| flowers of zinc | zinc oxide |
| folic acid | pteroylglutamic acid |
| formaldehyde | methanal |
| formic acid | methanoic acid |
| Glauber’s salt | sodium sulphate |
| glycerine | glycerol |
| green vitriol (archaic) | ferrous sulphate or iron(II) sulphate |
| gypsum | calcium sulphate |
| jeweller’s rouge | ferric oxide |
| laughing gas | dinitrogen monoxide |
| litharge | lead monoxide |
| lithia | lithium oxide |
| lunar caustic (archaic) | silver nitrate |
| magnesia | magnesium oxide |
| marsh gas | methane |
| massicot | lead monoxide |
| muriatic acid (archaic) | hydrochloric acid |
| nitric oxide | nitrogen monoxide |
| oil of vitriol (archaic) | sulphuric acid |
| peroxide | hydrogen peroxide |
| phosphorous acid | phosphoric acid |
| plaster of Paris | calcium sulphate |
| potash | potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide |
| prussic acid (dated) | hydrocyanic acid |
| quicklime | calcium oxide |
| red lead | lead oxide |
| sal ammoniac (dated) | ammonium chloride |
| salt | sodium chloride |
| saltpetre | potassium nitrate |
| silica | silicon dioxide |
| slaked lime | calcium hydroxide |
| soda | sodium carbonate |
| spirits of salt (archaic) | hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride |
| strontia | strontium oxide |
| sugar | sucrose |
| sugar of lead (dated) | lead acetate |
| sulphuretted hydrogen (archaic) | hydrogen sulphide |
| tartar emetic | potassium antimony tartrate |
| thoria | thorium dioxide |
| titanium white | titanium dioxide |
| verdigris | copper carbonate |
| vitriol (archaic) | sulphuric acid |
| washing soda | sodium carbonate |
| white arsenic | arsenic trioxide |
| white vitriol(archaic) | zinc sulphate |
| xylene | dimethylbenzene |
| zaffre | cobalt oxide |
| zirconia | zirconium dioxide |