224     3116    3340    2980    6320    5673    11993   6295    18288   5284    23572   7925    31497   6455    37952   4559    42511   10422   52933   4546    57479   9270    66749   8957    75706   2822    78528   2557    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Objects and Wo 1</title>

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<!-- Page 1 -->

        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 24</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Objects and <i>Wo</i></div>
        <div class="blurb"><i>Wo</i> is another
        particle, and it&rsquo;s one that you&rsquo;ll use in virtually every sentence. To tell the
        truth, it&rsquo;s been hard to come up with example sentences that didn&rsquo;t use it up
        to now. But from here on out, we&rsquo;ll be seeing a lot of this particle.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Wo</i> marks the
        direct object of a verb. Sometimes we use the word &ldquo;object&rdquo; to refer to a
        target or a goal. We might talk about the &ldquo;object of a game&rdquo; or say that
        someone was the &ldquo;object of affection.&rdquo; That&rsquo;s the way the word is being used
        here. The direct object marks the word that the verb is targeting, or
        affecting.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For example, in the sentence &ldquo;I eat ramen,&rdquo; we can easily
        identify each part of speech. The subject, or the doer of the verb, is &ldquo;I.&rdquo; The
        verb, of course, is &ldquo;eat.&rdquo; And the direct object&mdash;the thing that the verb &ldquo;eat&rdquo;
        is directly affecting&mdash;is the ramen. The ramen gets eaten! The direct object
        always suffers the consequences of the subject and verb conspiring together.
        Try to identify the subject, verb, and direct object in the following
        sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">The old man reads the newspaper.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Mariko watched a movie.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">The cat didn&rsquo;t eat its food.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">The first one is easy. &ldquo;The old man&rdquo; does the action. &ldquo;Read&rdquo;
        is the verb. &ldquo;The newspaper&rdquo; is the object.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">The second example is essentially the same thing, only this
        time we find that the verb is in the past tense. That&rsquo;s ok. It doesn&rsquo;t matter
        what tense the verb is in&mdash;the direct object doesn&rsquo;t care. In this case it is &ldquo;a
        movie.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The third example might throw you off. The subject is easy,
        right? &ldquo;The cat&rdquo; does the action. But the action is &ldquo;didn&rsquo;t eat.&rdquo; It turns out
        that the cat actually <i>didn&rsquo;t</i> eat its
        food. So can we really say that &ldquo;its food&rdquo; is the direct object? Yes. In this
        case, the food was not eaten. But its life still hangs in the balance,
        depending on what we do to the verb. If we were to change the verb to the
        positive, the food would be gone in a flash of grammar. So regardless of
        whether the verb is positive or not, the direct object is the thing that the
        verb affects or <i>could</i> affect in
        another form.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The reason I&rsquo;ve taken the time to explain all this is that I
        wanted you to be able to clearly identify the direct object of a sentence. It&rsquo;s
        important, because in Japanese, it must be tagged explicitly with the particle <i>wo</i>. 
        This particle is written using the special character in the w-series, 
                                                             
        and interestingly, that character has no
        other use in modern Japanese. It does not appear in ordinary words. It is a
        purely grammatical character.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_left">
            <div><img id="figures_wo" src="figures_wo@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Pronunciation-wise, people often make the leading &ldquo;w&rdquo; sound
        so subtly that it sounds like a plain <i>o</i>.
        Usually, you only hear the &ldquo;w&rdquo; when someone is enunciating very clearly, or in song lyrics. 
        So feel free to pronounce it simply as <i>o</i>.</p>


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    <title>Objects and Wo 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">The simplest use of the particle is with the word <i>kudasai</i>. You&rsquo;ll remember that we can
        attach <i>kudasai</i> to the <i>-te</i> form of a verb to create a polite
        request to do something. For instance, <i>Mite
        kudasai</i> means &ldquo;Please look.&rdquo; <i>Itte
        kudasai</i> means &ldquo;Please go.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">I mentioned previously that <i>kudasai</i> actually means &ldquo;please give me.&rdquo; When using this with
        actions, you&rsquo;re really saying, &ldquo;Please give me your looking,&rdquo; or, &ldquo;Please give
        me your going.&rdquo; What if instead, we want to say, &ldquo;Please give me that apple&rdquo;?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">That&rsquo;s where the particle <i>wo</i> comes in. In the sentence, &ldquo;Please give me the apple,&rdquo; the
        object of the verb &ldquo;give,&rdquo; the thing that the verb is directly acting on, is
        the apple. We indicate this in Japanese by tagging it with <i>wo</i>. The verb, <i>kudasai</i>,
        comes at the end. Therefore, our complete sentence is <i>Ringo wo kudasai</i>. Or to specify &ldquo;that apple,&rdquo; 
        you could say <i>Sono ringo wo kudasai</i>. Let&rsquo;s look at a
        few more examples:</p>

<!-- Wo -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s256" onclick="playSound('Wo_mizuwo-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s256');" ontouchend="turnOff('s256');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s256');"><span class="nw">みずを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b256" onclick="showTranslation('b256', 't256');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b256');" ontouchend="turnOff('b256');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b256');">(show translation)</span><span id="t256" style="display:none;">Please give me water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s257" onclick="playSound('Wo_nekowo-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s257');" ontouchend="turnOff('s257');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s257');"><span class="nw">ねこを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b257" onclick="showTranslation('b257', 't257');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b257');" ontouchend="turnOff('b257');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b257');">(show translation)</span><span id="t257" style="display:none;">Please give me the cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s258" onclick="playSound('Wo_ano-kurumawo-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s258');" ontouchend="turnOff('s258');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s258');"><span class="nw">あの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるまを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b258" onclick="showTranslation('b258', 't258');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b258');" ontouchend="turnOff('b258');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b258');">(show translation)</span><span id="t258" style="display:none;">Please give me that car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">We can also ask for a simple &ldquo;this&rdquo; or &ldquo;that&rdquo; by saying:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s259" onclick="playSound('Wo_korewo-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s259');" ontouchend="turnOff('s259');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s259');"><span class="nw">これを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b259" onclick="showTranslation('b259', 't259');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b259');" ontouchend="turnOff('b259');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b259');">(show translation)</span><span id="t259" style="display:none;">Please give me this.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s260" onclick="playSound('Wo_sorewo-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s260');" ontouchend="turnOff('s260');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s260');"><span class="nw">それを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b260" onclick="showTranslation('b260', 't260');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b260');" ontouchend="turnOff('b260');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b260');">(show translation)</span><span id="t260" style="display:none;">Please give me that.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">So using the particle <i>wo</i>
        to request things in Japanese is quite simple. However, the real bread and
        butter of <i>wo</i> is to mark direct
        objects in ordinary statements. Let&rsquo;s take the sentence &ldquo;John saw a mountain.&rdquo;
        Right now, we know how to say only that &ldquo;John saw (it).&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s261" onclick="playSound('Wo_JONsanha-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s261');" ontouchend="turnOff('s261');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s261');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b261" onclick="showTranslation('b261', 't261');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b261');" ontouchend="turnOff('b261');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b261');">(show translation)</span><span id="t261" style="display:none;">John saw (it).</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">The object of our target sentence is &ldquo;a mountain.&rdquo; That&rsquo;s
        the thing John saw. So to put that into our Japanese sentence, we simply mark
        it with <i>wo</i> and slip it in:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s262" onclick="playSound('Wo_JONsanha-yamawo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s262');" ontouchend="turnOff('s262');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s262');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">やまを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b262" onclick="showTranslation('b262', 't262');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b262');" ontouchend="turnOff('b262');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b262');">(show translation)</span><span id="t262" style="display:none;">John saw a mountain.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Try a few more examples to see if you can get the hang of
        this.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s263" onclick="playSound('Wo_marikosanha-kurumawo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s263');" ontouchend="turnOff('s263');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s263');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるまを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b263" onclick="showTranslation('b263', 't263');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b263');" ontouchend="turnOff('b263');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b263');">(show translation)</span><span id="t263" style="display:none;">Mariko saw a car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s264" onclick="playSound('Wo_suzukisanha-honwo-yomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s264');" ontouchend="turnOff('s264');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s264');"><span class="nw">すずきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b264" onclick="showTranslation('b264', 't264');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b264');" ontouchend="turnOff('b264');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b264');">(show translation)</span><span id="t264" style="display:none;">Mr. Suzuki reads a book.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s265" onclick="playSound('Wo_watashiha-ORENJIJU-SUwo-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s265');" ontouchend="turnOff('s265');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s265');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">オレンジジュースを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b265" onclick="showTranslation('b265', 't265');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b265');" ontouchend="turnOff('b265');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b265');">(show translation)</span><span id="t265" style="display:none;">I will drink orange juice.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">If you have any trouble with these sentences, just break
        them down and take them one unit at a time. Let&rsquo;s look at that last one.
        Breaking it at the particles, we have <i>Watashi
        wa / orenji juusu wo / nomimasu</i>. We can simplify it momentarily by taking the <i>wo</i>
        phrase out. That leaves us with <i>Watashi
        wa nomimasu</i>, &ldquo;I drink.&rdquo; The <i>wo</i> phrase marks the object&mdash;the thing affected
        by the drinking activity&mdash;so the finished sentence is &ldquo;I drink orange juice.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>Objects and Wo 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at several more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s266" onclick="playSound('Wo_seitoha-shinbunwo-yomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s266');" ontouchend="turnOff('s266');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s266');"><span class="nw">せいとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しんぶんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b266" onclick="showTranslation('b266', 't266');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b266');" ontouchend="turnOff('b266');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b266');">(show translation)</span><span id="t266" style="display:none;">The student reads a newspaper.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s267" onclick="playSound('Wo_senseiha-kono-ringowo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s267');" ontouchend="turnOff('s267');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s267');"><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">りんごを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b267" onclick="showTranslation('b267', 't267');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b267');" ontouchend="turnOff('b267');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b267');">(show translation)</span><span id="t267" style="display:none;">The teacher ate this apple.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s268" onclick="playSound('Wo_watashiha-kono-mizuwo-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s268');" ontouchend="turnOff('s268');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s268');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みずを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b268" onclick="showTranslation('b268', 't268');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b268');" ontouchend="turnOff('b268');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b268');">(show translation)</span><span id="t268" style="display:none;">I will drink this water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s269" onclick="playSound('Wo_anataha-washokuwo-tabemasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s269');" ontouchend="turnOff('s269');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s269');"><span class="nw">あなたは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わしょくを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b269" onclick="showTranslation('b269', 't269');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b269');" ontouchend="turnOff('b269');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b269');">(show translation)</span><span id="t269" style="display:none;">Don&rsquo;t you eat Japanese food?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In several of these examples, I made the direct object
        phrases slightly more complex by modifying them with <i>kono</i> or <i>ano</i>. You should
        still think of the phrase as one unit. {<i>Kono
        mizu</i>} <i>wo</i> is still a single unit that is being affected by the verb <i>nomimasu</i>. So if you were going to
        exercise your freedom to move units around, you would want to treat the entire <i>wo</i> phrase as a piece. For example, you
        could move it to the front to get:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s270" onclick="playSound('Wo_kono-mizuwo-watashiha-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s270');" ontouchend="turnOff('s270');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s270');"><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みずを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b270" onclick="showTranslation('b270', 't270');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b270');" ontouchend="turnOff('b270');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b270');">(show translation)</span><span id="t270" style="display:none;">I will drink this water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<!-- Page 7 -->

<p class="bodycopy">If we want, we can construct longer sentences by adding a
        time element. For example, we could say:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s271" onclick="playSound('Wo_watashiha-getsuyoubini-TEREBIwo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s271');" ontouchend="turnOff('s271');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s271');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">げつようびに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">テレビを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b271" onclick="showTranslation('b271', 't271');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b271');" ontouchend="turnOff('b271');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b271');">(show translation)</span><span id="t271" style="display:none;">I watched TV on Monday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s272" onclick="playSound('Wo_seitoha-senshuu-honwo-yomimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s272');" ontouchend="turnOff('s272');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s272');"><span class="nw">せいとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b272" onclick="showTranslation('b272', 't272');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b272');" ontouchend="turnOff('b272');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b272');">(show translation)</span><span id="t272" style="display:none;">The student read the book last week.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s273" onclick="playSound('Wo_ano-hitoha-kinou-sushiwo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s273');" ontouchend="turnOff('s273');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s273');"><span class="nw">あの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きのう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すしを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b273" onclick="showTranslation('b273', 't273');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b273');" ontouchend="turnOff('b273');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b273');">(show translation)</span><span id="t273" style="display:none;">That person ate sushi yesterday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">And of course, we could turn any of these into questions
        simply by adding <i>ka</i> to the end.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s274" onclick="playSound('Wo_nekoha-sakanawo-tabemashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s274');" ontouchend="turnOff('s274');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s274');"><span class="nw">ねこは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さかなを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b274" onclick="showTranslation('b274', 't274');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b274');" ontouchend="turnOff('b274');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b274');">(show translation)</span><span id="t274" style="display:none;">Did the cat eat the fish?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 8</title>

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<!-- Page 8 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Questions with <i>nani</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Using <i>ka</i> like this
        is great, but taking a statement and turning it into a question like we&rsquo;re
        doing here can only give us yes-or-no questions. Suppose we want to know, not
        whether John ate at all, but <i>what</i> he
        ate. To do this, we use the question word <i>nani</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Recall that we&rsquo;ve called <i>nani</i>
        the X in the algebraic equation that is our question. <i>Nani</i> 
        will go exactly where we want the appropriate word to appear
        in the response. If our question is what John ate, we simply say &ldquo;John ate X,&rdquo;
        using <i>nani</i> for the X, and add a <i>ka</i> on
        the end to make it a question.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s275" onclick="playSound('Wo_JONsanha-naniwo-tabemashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s275');" ontouchend="turnOff('s275');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s275');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b275" onclick="showTranslation('b275', 't275');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b275');" ontouchend="turnOff('b275');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b275');">(show translation)</span><span id="t275" style="display:none;">John ate what? = What did John eat?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Our listener knows that we are looking for the word that
        fills in the X. The listener would simply replace <i>nani</i> with the 
        appropriate word, whether that be <i>raamen</i>, <i>ringo</i>, or <i>retasu</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s276" onclick="playSound('Wo_JONsanha-RA-MENwo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s276');" ontouchend="turnOff('s276');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s276');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ラーメンを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b276" onclick="showTranslation('b276', 't276');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b276');" ontouchend="turnOff('b276');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b276');">(show translation)</span><span id="t276" style="display:none;">John ate ramen.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 9</title>

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<!-- Page 9 -->

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at a few more example questions and responses.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s277" onclick="playSound('Wo_anataha-naniwo-yomamashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s277');" ontouchend="turnOff('s277');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s277');"><span class="nw">あなたは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b277" onclick="showTranslation('b277', 't277');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b277');" ontouchend="turnOff('b277');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b277');">(show translation)</span><span id="t277" style="display:none;">What did you read?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s278" onclick="playSound('Wo_shinbunwo-yomimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s278');" ontouchend="turnOff('s278');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s278');"><span class="nw">しんぶんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b278" onclick="showTranslation('b278', 't278');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b278');" ontouchend="turnOff('b278');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b278');">(show translation)</span><span id="t278" style="display:none;">I read the newspaper.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s279" onclick="playSound('Wo_umaha-naniwo-tabemasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s279');" ontouchend="turnOff('s279');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s279');"><span class="nw">うまは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b279" onclick="showTranslation('b279', 't279');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b279');" ontouchend="turnOff('b279');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b279');">(show translation)</span><span id="t279" style="display:none;">What do horses eat?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s280" onclick="playSound('Wo_kusawo-tabemasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s280');" ontouchend="turnOff('s280');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s280');"><span class="nw">くさを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b280" onclick="showTranslation('b280', 't280');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b280');" ontouchend="turnOff('b280');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b280');">(show translation)</span><span id="t280" style="display:none;">They eat grass.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s281" onclick="playSound('Wo_senseiha-naniwo-nomimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s281');" ontouchend="turnOff('s281');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s281');"><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b281" onclick="showTranslation('b281', 't281');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b281');" ontouchend="turnOff('b281');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b281');">(show translation)</span><span id="t281" style="display:none;">What will the teacher drink?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s282" onclick="playSound('Wo_BI-RUwo-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s282');" ontouchend="turnOff('s282');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s282');"><span class="nw">ビールを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b282" onclick="showTranslation('b282', 't282');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b282');" ontouchend="turnOff('b282');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b282');">(show translation)</span><span id="t282" style="display:none;">She&rsquo;ll drink beer.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s283" onclick="playSound('Wo_marikosanha-naniwo-mimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s283');" ontouchend="turnOff('s283');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s283');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b283" onclick="showTranslation('b283', 't283');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b283');" ontouchend="turnOff('b283');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b283');">(show translation)</span><span id="t283" style="display:none;">What did Mariko see?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-290');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s284" onclick="playSound('Wo_nekowo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s284');" ontouchend="turnOff('s284');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s284');"><span class="nw">ねこを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b284" onclick="showTranslation('b284', 't284');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b284');" ontouchend="turnOff('b284');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b284');">(show translation)</span><span id="t284" style="display:none;">She saw a cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 10</title>

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<!-- Page 10 -->

<p class="bodycopy">As an aside, notice that in each of the responses, the
        subject was not specified. This is a common pattern in Japanese. The first
        speaker established the subject in the question, so it isn&rsquo;t necessary to go to
        the trouble of restating it in the response.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">That is to say, if the question is <i>Mariko-san wa nani wo mimashita ka</i>, the response does not have to
        restate the <i>Mariko-san wa</i> phrase. In
        fact, doing so sounds awkward and redundant. This is actually quite similar
        to how things work in English. If I ask you, &ldquo;What did Mariko see?&rdquo; the
        response is likely to be simply, &ldquo;A cat,&rdquo; or if you&rsquo;re a stickler for full
        sentences, &ldquo;She saw a cat.&rdquo; But certainly not &ldquo;Mariko saw a cat.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To finish up, let&rsquo;s look in as John and Mariko discuss their
        favorite foods. In this dialogue, be on the lookout for the following new
        vocabulary.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v346_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v346_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v346_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v346_col1');" onclick="playSound('Wo_un');"><span class="nw">うん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">yeah</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v347_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v347_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v347_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v347_col1');" onclick="playSound('Wo_nanika');"><span class="nw">なにか</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">something</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v348_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v348_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v348_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v348_col1');" onclick="playSound('Wo_yo');"><span class="nw">よ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">(new information marker)</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ll be looking at <i>yo</i> after the dialog.</p>


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    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Objects and Wo 11</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="subheading.css" rel="stylesheet" />


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    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 11 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Dialog</div>


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-300');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s285" onclick="playSound('Wo_JONsan,washokuga-suki-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s285');" ontouchend="turnOff('s285');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s285');"><span class="nw">ジョンさん、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わしょくが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b285" onclick="showTranslation('b285', 't285');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b285');" ontouchend="turnOff('b285');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b285');">(show translation)</span><span id="t285" style="display:none;">John, do you like Japanese food?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-310');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s286" onclick="playSound('Wo_un,suki-desuyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s286');" ontouchend="turnOff('s286');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s286');"><span class="nw">うん、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですよ。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b286" onclick="showTranslation('b286', 't286');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b286');" ontouchend="turnOff('b286');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b286');">(show translation)</span><span id="t286" style="display:none;">Yes, I do.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-320');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s287" onclick="playSound('Wo_naniga-suki-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s287');" ontouchend="turnOff('s287');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s287');"><span class="nw">なにが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b287" onclick="showTranslation('b287', 't287');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b287');" ontouchend="turnOff('b287');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b287');">(show translation)</span><span id="t287" style="display:none;">What do you like?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-330');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s288" onclick="playSound('Wo_sushiga-ichiban-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s288');" ontouchend="turnOff('s288');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s288');"><span class="nw">すしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いちばん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b288" onclick="showTranslation('b288', 't288');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b288');" ontouchend="turnOff('b288');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b288');">(show translation)</span><span id="t288" style="display:none;">I like sushi the most.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-340');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s289" onclick="playSound('Wo_kyouha-naniwo-tabemasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s289');" ontouchend="turnOff('s289');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s289');"><span class="nw">きょうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b289" onclick="showTranslation('b289', 't289');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b289');" ontouchend="turnOff('b289');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b289');">(show translation)</span><span id="t289" style="display:none;">What will you eat today?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-350');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s290" onclick="playSound('Wo_tenpurawo-tabemasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s290');" ontouchend="turnOff('s290');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s290');"><span class="nw">てんぷらを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b290" onclick="showTranslation('b290', 't290');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b290');" ontouchend="turnOff('b290');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b290');">(show translation)</span><span id="t290" style="display:none;">Today I&rsquo;ll eat tempura.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 12</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


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</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 12 -->

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-360');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s291" onclick="playSound('Wo_ii-desunewatashiha-sushiwo-tabemasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s291');" ontouchend="turnOff('s291');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s291');"><span class="nw">いい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すしを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b291" onclick="showTranslation('b291', 't291');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b291');" ontouchend="turnOff('b291');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b291');">(show translation)</span><span id="t291" style="display:none;">That&rsquo;s nice. I&rsquo;ll have sushi.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-370');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s292" onclick="playSound('Wo_nanikawo-nomimasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s292');" ontouchend="turnOff('s292');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s292');"><span class="nw">なにかを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b292" onclick="showTranslation('b292', 't292');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b292');" ontouchend="turnOff('b292');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b292');">(show translation)</span><span id="t292" style="display:none;">Won&rsquo;t you have something to drink?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-380');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s293" onclick="playSound('Wo_nomimasuyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s293');" ontouchend="turnOff('s293');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s293');"><span class="nw">のみますよ。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b293" onclick="showTranslation('b293', 't293');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b293');" ontouchend="turnOff('b293');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b293');">(show translation)</span><span id="t293" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll drink = Sure.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-390');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s294" onclick="playSound('Wo_naniwo-nomimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s294');" ontouchend="turnOff('s294');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s294');"><span class="nw">なにを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b294" onclick="showTranslation('b294', 't294');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b294');" ontouchend="turnOff('b294');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b294');">(show translation)</span><span id="t294" style="display:none;">What will you drink?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-400');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s295" onclick="playSound('Wo_WAINwo-nomimasuJONsanhaqm');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s295');" ontouchend="turnOff('s295');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s295');"><span class="nw">ワインを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんは？</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b295" onclick="showTranslation('b295', 't295');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b295');" ontouchend="turnOff('b295');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b295');">(show translation)</span><span id="t295" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll have wine. How about you?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-wo-410');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s296" onclick="playSound('Wo_watashiha-BI-RUwo-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s296');" ontouchend="turnOff('s296');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s296');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ビールを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b296" onclick="showTranslation('b296', 't296');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b296');" ontouchend="turnOff('b296');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b296');">(show translation)</span><span id="t296" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll have beer.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Objects and Wo 13</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In the sentence <i>Kyou wa nani wo tabemasu ka?</i>, <i>kyou</i>
        is tagged by <i>wa</i>, so it might seem
        that the subject should be &ldquo;today.&rdquo; That would make the
        sentence translate as the non-sensical &ldquo;What will today eat?&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Recall that when I introduced <i>wa</i>, I said that it&rsquo;s important to realize that <i>wa</i> is not actually a subject marker but a topic marker. I mentioned
        that there would come a day when interpreting <i>wa</i> as a subject marker just wouldn&rsquo;t make sense. That day is here.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The true purpose of <i>wa</i>
        is simply to throw out a topic for conversation. That&rsquo;s what is happening
        above. If you use the good old &ldquo;as for&rdquo; translation of <i>wa</i>,
        it will work nicely. Mariko is asking, &ldquo;As for today (in
        contrast with other days), what will you eat?&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Wa</i> is not
        necessary after <i>kyou</i>. <i>Kyou</i> can stand by itself, just like <i>raishuu</i>, <i>rainen</i>, and other non-named time elements. But Japanese people
        often use <i>wa</i> like this in
        conversation. It emphasizes the fact that today is likely different from
        yesterday or the day before. &ldquo;As for today, what will you eat?&rdquo; You&rsquo;ll hear
        this usage often.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Finally, I&rsquo;d like to introduce you to <i>yo</i> without going too far into it right now. 
        <i>Yo</i> appears at the end of sentences, rather like <i>ne</i>, to indicate that the speaker
        believes that the sentence represents information that is new to the
        listener. For this reason, it is often used in responses to direct questions,
        as you saw in the dialogue. We&rsquo;ll see this more in future dialogues.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned about the direct object marker, <i>wo</i>, which is often pronounced as a
        simple <i>o</i>. We learned that <i>wo</i> marks the direct object of a sentence, which is the thing that
        the verb acts on. So, for example, in the sentence &ldquo;The teacher read the newspaper,&rdquo; the direct object is &ldquo;the newspaper,&rdquo;
        and the Japanese is therefore <i>Sensei wa <strong>shinbun wo</strong> yomimashita.</i></p>

<p class="bodycopy">Next we learned how to replace the direct object of a sentence
        with the interrogative <i>nani</i> to create
        open-ended questions. That allowed us to say things like 
        <i>Mariko-san wa <strong>nani wo</strong> tabemashita ka?</i>, &ldquo;What did Mariko eat?&rdquo;
        We saw that the formula was very straightforward: we simply use <i>nani</i> exactly 
        where we want the new information in the response.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
        And we briefly met the particle <i>yo</i>, which can tag onto the end of sentences when the speaker
        believes she is imparting new information to the listener.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Congratulations! The particle <i>wo</i> is a super important particle that dramatically increases
your power of expression. Before going on, be sure you understand it by passing the quiz below.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll learn a new use of a particle we&rsquo;ve already met, <i>ni</i>.</p>
    
          
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