192     3079    3271    10929   14200   8396    22596   6983    29579   6756    36335   7643    43978   5457    49435   5085    54520   6200    60720   5351    66071   5698    71769   2310    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Verbs 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 21</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Verbs</div>
        <div class="blurb">Up until now, we&rsquo;ve been dealing exclusively with the copula&mdash;the
        verb <i>to be</i>. But life can be less than
        exciting when this is the only verb you know. The time has come to breathe the
        light of action into our Japanese lives. The time has come for verbs.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">Japanese verbs are simpler in many ways than English ones.
        For example, as we&rsquo;ve seen with <i>desu</i>, there is no &ldquo;subject-verb agreement,&rdquo;
        which in English requires you to use different verb forms for different subjects (&ldquo;I am&rdquo; versus &ldquo;she is&rdquo; versus &ldquo;they are&rdquo;).
        However, there is one way in which they differ from English
        verbs dramatically, and that has to do with politeness. Every verb in Japanese comes in two
        flavors: the standard form that you find in a dictionary, and a more polite
        form. The version of the verb you use actually causes a sentence to be polite
        or non-polite.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;re going to start by learning the polite level of verbs
        for two reasons. First, Japanese people virtually always use the polite verb forms when first
        meeting someone. English-speakers sometimes think of &ldquo;polite&rdquo; as meaning &ldquo;cold and distant,&rdquo; 
        but in Japanese, using polite language sounds friendly and considerate. In contrast, using non-polite language with
        someone whom you&rsquo;ve just met will usually sound a little overly intimate and off-putting,
        especially if that person is older than you. 
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Japanese people are very sensitive to language choice. 
        Obviously, there are exceptions to every rule, and there are times when people jump right into non-polite verbs,
        but it&rsquo;s always safe to lead with the polite ones. We&rsquo;ll learn about the non-polite verb forms later in our careers.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The second reason we&rsquo;ll be starting with polite verbs is that they conjugate very uniformly&mdash;a side benefit.</p>


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    <title>Verbs 2</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">All polite verbs end with -<i>masu</i>. The <i>su</i> sound here contains a 
        &ldquo;whispered&rdquo; vowel, just like the <i>su</i> in <i>desu</i>, so it actually sounds like <i>mas&rsquo;</i>. In polite verbs, the only part of
        the verb that changes is the ending, so by memorizing the simple chart below,
        you&rsquo;ll be well on your way to becoming a fully competent verb conjugating master. Take a
        look and you&rsquo;ll see what I mean.</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present/Future</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con17" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_masu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con17');" ontouchend="turnOff('con17');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con17');">～ます</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con18" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_masen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con18');" ontouchend="turnOff('con18');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con18');">～ません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con19" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con19');" ontouchend="turnOff('con19');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con19');">～ました</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con20" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_masen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con20');" ontouchend="turnOff('con20');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con20');">～ません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">This chart should seem familiar. It&rsquo;s very similar to the
        
one we saw when we first met <i>desu</i>. 
        
Keep in mind as we start to look at examples that the forms in the first
        
row can either mean the habitual present (&ldquo;I go to school everyday&rdquo;) or the
        
future (&ldquo;I will go to school tomorrow&rdquo;). The context indicates which one the speaker intends.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So
        
now, say I give you the verb <i>ikimasu</i>,
        
which means &ldquo;to go.&rdquo; 
Just looking at the chart and changing the final <i>-masu</i>, you can do this:</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present/Future</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con21" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con21');" ontouchend="turnOff('con21');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con21');">いきます</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con22" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con22');" ontouchend="turnOff('con22');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con22');">いきません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con23" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con23');" ontouchend="turnOff('con23');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con23');">いきました</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con24" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con24');" ontouchend="turnOff('con24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con24');">いきません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">See how that works? Only the <i>-masu</i> part changes, and that tells you what form it is.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Using the subject &ldquo;I&rdquo; arbitrarily for the moment, these mean:</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present/Future</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_english_embedded conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_not_clickable" id="con25" valign="top">I go. / I will go.</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_english_embedded conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_not_clickable" id="con26" valign="top">I don&rsquo;t go. / I won&rsquo;t go.</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_english_embedded conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_not_clickable" id="con27" valign="top">I went.</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_english_embedded conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_not_clickable" id="con28" valign="top">I didn&rsquo;t go.</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->



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    <title>Verbs 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Since I&rsquo;m always going to give you verbs in their -<i>masu</i> form, you&rsquo;ll be all set to
        conjugate them into their correct tense.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Japanese verbs have one other form that is important when
        hooking them together. It&rsquo;s called, for reasons that should be immediately obvious, 
        the <i>-te</i> form. We&rsquo;ll be seeing how it works
        later on during this lesson, but for now, whenever you learn a new verb, be
        sure to learn both the <i>-masu</i> form and
        the <i>-te</i> form.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s start to flex our verbal muscles with a few new words.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="33%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header" width="33%">-Te Form</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="34%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v337_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v337_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v337_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v337_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasu');"><span class="nw">いきます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v337_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v337_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v337_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v337_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_itte');"><span class="nw">いって</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to go</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v338_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v338_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v338_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v338_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_kimasu');"><span class="nw">きます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v338_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v338_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v338_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v338_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_kite');"><span class="nw">きて</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to come</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v339_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v339_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v339_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v339_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mimasu');"><span class="nw">みます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v339_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v339_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v339_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v339_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mite');"><span class="nw">みて</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to see</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v340_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v340_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v340_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v340_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_yomimasu');"><span class="nw">よみます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v340_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v340_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v340_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v340_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_yonde');"><span class="nw">よんで</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to read</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v341_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v341_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v341_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v341_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabemasu');"><span class="nw">たべます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v341_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v341_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v341_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v341_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabete');"><span class="nw">たべて</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to eat</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v342_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v342_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v342_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v342_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_nomimasu');"><span class="nw">のみます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v342_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v342_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v342_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v342_col2');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_nonde');"><span class="nw">のんで</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to drink</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>Verbs 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">First, let&rsquo;s make very simple sentences consisting of just
        verbs and see what we can do.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s209" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s209');" ontouchend="turnOff('s209');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s209');"><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b209" onclick="showTranslation('b209', 't209');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b209');" ontouchend="turnOff('b209');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b209');">(show translation)</span><span id="t209" style="display:none;">I ate.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s210" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s210');" ontouchend="turnOff('s210');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s210');"><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b210" onclick="showTranslation('b210', 't210');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b210');" ontouchend="turnOff('b210');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b210');">(show translation)</span><span id="t210" style="display:none;">I go (regularly). / I will go.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s211" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s211');" ontouchend="turnOff('s211');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s211');"><span class="nw">みましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b211" onclick="showTranslation('b211', 't211');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b211');" ontouchend="turnOff('b211');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b211');">(show translation)</span><span id="t211" style="display:none;">Did you see?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s212" onclick="playSound('Verbs_nomimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s212');" ontouchend="turnOff('s212');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s212');"><span class="nw">のみません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b212" onclick="showTranslation('b212', 't212');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b212');" ontouchend="turnOff('b212');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b212');">(show translation)</span><span id="t212" style="display:none;">I don&rsquo;t drink. / I will not drink.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s213" onclick="playSound('Verbs_yomimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s213');" ontouchend="turnOff('s213');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s213');"><span class="nw">よみません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b213" onclick="showTranslation('b213', 't213');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b213');" ontouchend="turnOff('b213');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b213');">(show translation)</span><span id="t213" style="display:none;">I did not read.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">That&rsquo;s right, these are full sentences. Wouldn&rsquo;t your middle
        school English teacher be shocked? Of course, as before, they can only be
        understood if it is clear from the context who the subject is. For these
        examples, I arbitrarily used &ldquo;I&rdquo; for the statements, and &ldquo;you&rdquo; for the
        question. Of course, we could certainly use a <i>wa</i> phrase in the front to specify who we&rsquo;re talking about, but just
        for the next few pages, let&rsquo;s keep it simple and focus on just the verbs.</p>


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    <title>Verbs 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">You can use negative questions to invite someone to do
        something politely.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s214" onclick="playSound('Verbs_yomimasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s214');" ontouchend="turnOff('s214');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s214');"><span class="nw">よみませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b214" onclick="showTranslation('b214', 't214');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b214');" ontouchend="turnOff('b214');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b214');">(show translation)</span><span id="t214" style="display:none;">You will not read? = Won&rsquo;t you read?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s215" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s215');" ontouchend="turnOff('s215');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s215');"><span class="nw">いきませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b215" onclick="showTranslation('b215', 't215');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b215');" ontouchend="turnOff('b215');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b215');">(show translation)</span><span id="t215" style="display:none;">You will not go? = Won&rsquo;t you go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s216" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mimasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s216');" ontouchend="turnOff('s216');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s216');"><span class="nw">みませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b216" onclick="showTranslation('b216', 't216');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b216');" ontouchend="turnOff('b216');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b216');">(show translation)</span><span id="t216" style="display:none;">You will not see? = Won&rsquo;t you see?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">To respond in the affirmative to such an invitation, just
        give the positive version of the verb. So if someone offers you a newspaper,
        saying <i>Yomimasen ka?</i> &ldquo;Won&rsquo;t you read
        it?&rdquo; you can respond by saying simply, <i>Yomimasu</i>,
        &ldquo;Yes, I&rsquo;ll read it.&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s217" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabemasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s217');" ontouchend="turnOff('s217');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s217');"><span class="nw">たべませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b217" onclick="showTranslation('b217', 't217');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b217');" ontouchend="turnOff('b217');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b217');">(show translation)</span><span id="t217" style="display:none;">Won&rsquo;t you eat?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s218" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabemasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s218');" ontouchend="turnOff('s218');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s218');"><span class="nw">たべます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b218" onclick="showTranslation('b218', 't218');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b218');" ontouchend="turnOff('b218');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b218');">(show translation)</span><span id="t218" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll eat. = Yes.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Verbs 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">We can add a time element to these sentences by simply
        putting a word such as <i>raishuu</i> or <i>sengetsu</i> at the beginning of the
        sentence.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s219" onclick="playSound('Verbs_raishuu-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s219');" ontouchend="turnOff('s219');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s219');"><span class="nw">らいしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b219" onclick="showTranslation('b219', 't219');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b219');" ontouchend="turnOff('b219');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b219');">(show translation)</span><span id="t219" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll go next week.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s220" onclick="playSound('Verbs_senshuu-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s220');" ontouchend="turnOff('s220');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s220');"><span class="nw">せんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b220" onclick="showTranslation('b220', 't220');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b220');" ontouchend="turnOff('b220');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b220');">(show translation)</span><span id="t220" style="display:none;">I saw (it) last week.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s221" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mainichi-nomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s221');" ontouchend="turnOff('s221');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s221');"><span class="nw">まいにち　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b221" onclick="showTranslation('b221', 't221');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b221');" ontouchend="turnOff('b221');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b221');">(show translation)</span><span id="t221" style="display:none;">I drink everyday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s222" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ashita-ikimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s222');" ontouchend="turnOff('s222');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s222');"><span class="nw">あした　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b222" onclick="showTranslation('b222', 't222');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b222');" ontouchend="turnOff('b222');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b222');">(show translation)</span><span id="t222" style="display:none;">I won&rsquo;t go tomorrow.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s223" onclick="playSound('Verbs_kyonen-yomimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s223');" ontouchend="turnOff('s223');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s223');"><span class="nw">きょねん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b223" onclick="showTranslation('b223', 't223');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b223');" ontouchend="turnOff('b223');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b223');">(show translation)</span><span id="t223" style="display:none;">I didn&rsquo;t read last year.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that the addition of the time element helps resolve
        the ambiguity between the present habitual and the future. <i>Ikimasu</i>
        can mean either &ldquo;I go normally, on a regular basis,&rdquo; or &ldquo;I
        will go at some future point in time.&rdquo; When we add the qualifier <i>raishuu</i>,
        it becomes clear that the speaker intends the verb to mean the future tense.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The same thing is happening in the third example sentence,
        except that this time the time element <i>mainichi</i> indicates that the verb occurs
        on a regular, habitual basis. So this sentence means &ldquo;I drink everyday,&rdquo; not &ldquo;I
        <i>will</i> drink everyday.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>Verbs 7</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s be a bit more explicit. We can specify who is
        doing the action by adding a <i>wa</i>
        phrase.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s224" onclick="playSound('Verbs_marikosanha-rainen-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s224');" ontouchend="turnOff('s224');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s224');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">らいねん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b224" onclick="showTranslation('b224', 't224');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b224');" ontouchend="turnOff('b224');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b224');">(show translation)</span><span id="t224" style="display:none;">Mariko will go next year.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s225" onclick="playSound('Verbs_sengetsu-JONsanha-kimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s225');" ontouchend="turnOff('s225');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s225');"><span class="nw">せんげつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b225" onclick="showTranslation('b225', 't225');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b225');" ontouchend="turnOff('b225');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b225');">(show translation)</span><span id="t225" style="display:none;">John didn&rsquo;t come last month.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s226" onclick="playSound('Verbs_senshuu-suzukisanha-yomimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s226');" ontouchend="turnOff('s226');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s226');"><span class="nw">せんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すずきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b226" onclick="showTranslation('b226', 't226');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b226');" ontouchend="turnOff('b226');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b226');">(show translation)</span><span id="t226" style="display:none;">Last week Mrs. Suzuki read.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">You can understand each of these examples by translating the
        <i>wa</i> phrase as &ldquo;as for so-and-so.&rdquo; In
        English, we would always put such a phrase at the beginning of the sentence, so
        the first example is probably the easiest to understand. However, the unit is
        freely moveable in Japanese, so the second and third sentences are completely
        valid as well. If you have any trouble, pluck out the <i>wa</i> phrase and understand
        the sentence as we have done so far, then splice it back in and you&rsquo;ll be
        there.</p>


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    <title>Verbs 8</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">At this point, perhaps you&rsquo;re beginning to wonder how to
        know what order to put the words in. Up until now, we haven&rsquo;t had much choice, but with longer sentences, 
        the question becomes more important. Let&rsquo;s take a look at that issue in both
        languages.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, word order is very important. &ldquo;The dog bit the
        mailman&rdquo; is totally different from &ldquo;The mailman bit the dog.&rdquo; In English, word
        order actually determines what relationship the various actors have to each
        other. If we get those mixed up, the meaning becomes jumbled.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In Japanese, however, we explicitly tag each grammatical
        unit in our sentences. For example, we already know about the <i>wa</i> tag, which we&rsquo;ve been using to tag
        the doer of the verb, and there are a couple more important ones to come.
        Since each unit of the sentence has a little explanatory
        tag attached to it, the actual <i>order</i>
        of the units isn&rsquo;t important. The only rule is that the verb must come last. Therefore,
        the following two sentences are, for all practical purposes, identical in
        meaning.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s227" onclick="playSound('Verbs_marikosanha-rainen-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s227');" ontouchend="turnOff('s227');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s227');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">らいねん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b227" onclick="showTranslation('b227', 't227');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b227');" ontouchend="turnOff('b227');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b227');">(show translation)</span><span id="t227" style="display:none;">Mariko will go next year.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s228" onclick="playSound('Verbs_rainen-marikosanha-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s228');" ontouchend="turnOff('s228');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s228');"><span class="nw">らいねん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b228" onclick="showTranslation('b228', 't228');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b228');" ontouchend="turnOff('b228');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b228');">(show translation)</span><span id="t228" style="display:none;">Mariko will go next year.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


        <div class="important">
            <div class="important_icon"><img class="important_icon_image" src="important_icon@2x.png" /></div>
            <div class="important_message">
                Word order can affect nuance very slightly. Generally
                speaking, the unit that comes closer to the end is being given more emphasis.
            </div>
        </div>


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<p class="bodycopy">Even though we can switch up the order of the words in a
        sentence with no ill effects, there are semi-standards to go by. Nothing is set
        in stone, but if no special emphasis is intended, it feels the most natural to
        put the time element first, then the subject, then the final verb. By this
        definition, the second version of the above sentence sounds the most natural. However,
        you honestly are completely free to mix up the order as you like. Right now,
        this gives you only two possibilities, but when we start creating longer
        sentences there will be multiple ways of arranging the elemental units. We&rsquo;ll
        revisit this point later.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s learn another word, which will allow us to start
        making good use of the <i>-te</i> form of
        our verbs.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v343_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v343_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v343_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v343_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_kudasai');"><span class="nw">ください</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">Please</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v344_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v344_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v344_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v344_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_te-kudasai');"><span class="nw">～て　</span> <span class="nw">ください</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">Please do ~</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">Just add <i>kudasai</i> to the <i>-te</i>
        form of any verb, and you&rsquo;ve got a request to &ldquo;please do such-and-such.&rdquo; For
        example:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s229" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabete-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s229');" ontouchend="turnOff('s229');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s229');"><span class="nw">たべて　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b229" onclick="showTranslation('b229', 't229');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b229');" ontouchend="turnOff('b229');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b229');">(show translation)</span><span id="t229" style="display:none;">Please eat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s230" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mite-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s230');" ontouchend="turnOff('s230');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s230');"><span class="nw">みて　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b230" onclick="showTranslation('b230', 't230');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b230');" ontouchend="turnOff('b230');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b230');">(show translation)</span><span id="t230" style="display:none;">Please look.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Verbs 10</title>

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<!-- Page 10 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">The <i>-mashou</i> form</div>


<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ll recall that when we learned the verb <i>desu</i>, there were four forms on the
        chart. But there was one form that didn&rsquo;t quite fit into the positive-negative,
        present-past logic of the chart, the form <i>deshou</i>,
        which carries a sort of uncertain feel.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It turns out that there is a form of normal <i>-masu</i> verbs that 
        corresponds to <i>deshou</i>. To create this, just change the <i>-masu</i> 
        ending to <i>-mashou</i>.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v345_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v345_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v345_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v345_col1');" onclick="playSound('Verbs_mashou');"><span class="nw">～ましょう</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">Let&rsquo;s ~</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">This form allows you to say, &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s do
        such-and-such.&rdquo; For example, if <i>Tabemasu</i>
        means &ldquo;I eat,&rdquo; then <i>Tabemashou</i>
        means &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s eat.&rdquo; Likewise, <i>Mimashou</i>
        means &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s watch,&rdquo; and <i>Yomimashou</i>
        means &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s read.&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s231" onclick="playSound('Verbs_tabemashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s231');" ontouchend="turnOff('s231');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s231');"><span class="nw">たべましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b231" onclick="showTranslation('b231', 't231');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b231');" ontouchend="turnOff('b231');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b231');">(show translation)</span><span id="t231" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s eat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s232" onclick="playSound('Verbs_nomimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s232');" ontouchend="turnOff('s232');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s232');"><span class="nw">のみましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b232" onclick="showTranslation('b232', 't232');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b232');" ontouchend="turnOff('b232');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b232');">(show translation)</span><span id="t232" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s drink.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Verbs 11</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">By adding a <i>ka</i> to
        the end of this form, we can create questions: &ldquo;Shall we go? Shall we eat?
        Shall we watch?&rdquo; Check out the following examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s233" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s233');" ontouchend="turnOff('s233');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s233');"><span class="nw">いきましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b233" onclick="showTranslation('b233', 't233');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b233');" ontouchend="turnOff('b233');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b233');">(show translation)</span><span id="t233" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s go.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s234" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ikimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s234');" ontouchend="turnOff('s234');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s234');"><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b234" onclick="showTranslation('b234', 't234');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b234');" ontouchend="turnOff('b234');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b234');">(show translation)</span><span id="t234" style="display:none;">Shall we go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s235" onclick="playSound('Verbs_ashita-mimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s235');" ontouchend="turnOff('s235');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s235');"><span class="nw">あした　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b235" onclick="showTranslation('b235', 't235');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b235');" ontouchend="turnOff('b235');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b235');">(show translation)</span><span id="t235" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s see it tomorrow.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbs-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s236" onclick="playSound('Verbs_raishuu-mimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s236');" ontouchend="turnOff('s236');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s236');"><span class="nw">らいしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b236" onclick="showTranslation('b236', 't236');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b236');" ontouchend="turnOff('b236');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b236');">(show translation)</span><span id="t236" style="display:none;">Shall we see it next week?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Using <i>-mashou ka</i> is a great way to ask someone
        if they would like to do something with you because it feels friendly and
        unimposing.</p>


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    <title>Verbs 12</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">And believe it or not, that is just about all you need to know about verbs to get going!</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In this chapter, we learned that Japanese verbs come in two flavors, a non-polite form
that you might find in a dictionary, and a polite form that always ends in <i>-masu</i>. We learned that 
Japanese people usually use the polite forms when first meeting new people, and that these 
<i>-masu</i> forms are convenient in that they conjugate very uniformly.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We discovered that we could conjugate <i>-masu</i> verbs using a four-square
grid that is very similar to the one we met when we learned <i>desu</i>. We also learned about 
the <i>-mashou</i> form, which allows us to make &ldquo;let&rsquo;s do&rdquo; and &ldquo;shall we?&rdquo; sentences, and the <i>-te</i>
form, which allows us to make requests with <i>kudasai</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Before going on, prove that you understand things with these quizzes.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll take a break for a leisurely stroll through the countryside.</p>
    
          
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