224     2743    2967    10488   13455   2633    16088   3667    19755   2727    22482   8137    30619   2842    33461   8085    41546   5905    47451   10789   58240   8838    67078   9332    76410   5987    82397   2190    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>The Verb To Be 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 7</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">The Verb To Be</div>
        <div class="blurb">When it comes down to it, no language can do anything
        without verbs. The verb is absolutely the most important part of any sentence,
        because without it, we know the actors involved, but we have no idea what they
        are doing.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">To belabor the point, take a look at a few sentences that have been
        stripped of their verbs:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Mariko sushi.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">John a degree in Japanese literature.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">What is happening here? Does Mariko <i>like</i> sushi? Does she <i>want</i>
        sushi? Does she <i>make</i> sushi? Is John <i>pursuing</i> a degree? Does he <i>have</i> one? Did he <i>forge</i> one in order to get that cushy job? We don&rsquo;t know, and we
        can&rsquo;t even guess, because the verb controls the meaning of the entire sentence.
        (Also, my examples were entirely devoid of context, but that&rsquo;s beside the
        point.)</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The reason I&rsquo;m going on about verbs is that there is
        something very curious about Japanese: almost any part of a sentence can be
        omitted if it is understood from context. Any part, that is, except the verb. <i>Every</i> well-formed Japanese sentence has
        a verb, no exceptions. And the verb <i>always</i>
        goes last.</p>

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    <title>The Verb To Be 2</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let me say that again. These are the most important two
        rules you will ever learn about Japanese. <b>Every Japanese sentence has a verb,
        and the verb always goes last.</b></p>

<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we&rsquo;ll be looking at the most important of
        all verbs, the verb <i>to be</i>, also
        sometimes called the copula. With this one verb, your powers of expression will
        open up in incredible new ways.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">First, let&rsquo;s learn a few nouns so that we have something to
        talk about.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="33%">Japanese</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header" width="33%">Roman Letters</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="34%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v23_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v23_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v23_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v23_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_inu');"><span class="nw">いぬ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">inu</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">dog</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v24_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v24_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v24_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v24_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_neko');"><span class="nw">ねこ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">neko</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">cat</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v25_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v25_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v25_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v25_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_ringo');"><span class="nw">りんご</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">ringo</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">apple</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v26_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v26_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v26_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v26_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mizu');"><span class="nw">みず</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">mizu</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">water</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v27_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v27_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v27_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v27_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_tori');"><span class="nw">とり</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">tori</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">bird</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v28_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v28_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v28_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v28_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_uma');"><span class="nw">うま</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">uma</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">horse</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v29_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v29_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v29_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v29_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_enpitsu');"><span class="nw">えんぴつ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">enpitsu</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">pencil</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v30_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v30_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v30_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v30_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_pen');"><span class="nw">ぺん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">pen*</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">pen</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v31_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v31_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v31_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v31_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_desu');"><span class="nw">です</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">desu</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">is/are/am</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v32_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v32_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v32_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v32_col1');" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_deshou');"><span class="nw">でしょう</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">deshou</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">it will be</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">* <i>Pen</i> is, of course, borrowed from the English &ldquo;pen&rdquo; and should normally be written in katakana. We&rsquo;ll start doing that when we&rsquo;ve learned the rest of the syllabary.</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">You can think of the verb <i>to be</i> as something like the equals sign in the equation A=B,
        although it would be more accurate to say the equation is &ldquo;A is a member of B.&rdquo;
        In any case, some examples of the verb <i>to
        be</i> in English are:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">John <strong>is</strong> a student.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">I <strong>am</strong> an American.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Mary and Joe <strong>are</strong> good swimmers.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">It&rsquo;s good to take a look at the copula in English and see
        what we can learn. You doubtless noticed that the copula took three different
        forms in these three sentences. That&rsquo;s because in English, we have a rule
        called subject-verb agreement. The verb has to match the subject. We say &ldquo;John <i>is</i> a student,&rdquo;
        but &ldquo;John and Mary <i>are</i> students.&rdquo; The verb changes
        depending on whether our subject is singular (just John) or plural (John and
        Mary). It also takes a different form from normal if the subject is <i>you</i> or <i>I</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Japanese, however, does not make this distinction. In
        Japanese, all three of the above sentences would take the exact same verb form.
        So in that sense, Japanese verbs are much simpler than English ones.</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Are you ready to tackle your first bona fide Japanese
        sentence? Here it is:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s15" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_ringo-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s15');" ontouchend="turnOff('s15');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s15');"><span class="nw">りんご　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl15" onclick="showRoman('rl15', 'r15');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl15');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl15');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl15');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r15" style="display:none;">Ringo desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b15" onclick="showTranslation('b15', 't15');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b15');" ontouchend="turnOff('b15');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b15');">(show translation)</span><span id="t15" style="display:none;">It is an apple.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">This means, &ldquo;It is an apple.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">&ldquo;Now, wait a minute,&rdquo; I can hear you protesting. We have two
        words here, one that means &ldquo;apple&rdquo; and one that means &ldquo;is.&rdquo; We said the verb
        had to go last, so the fact that <i>desu</i>
        comes last makes sense, but we don&rsquo;t have any other words! It looks like it
        ought to mean, &ldquo;Is apple.&rdquo; Where do we get the &ldquo;it&rdquo; and the &ldquo;an&rdquo;?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">I&rsquo;m about to tell you several more strange and wonderful
        things about Japanese. Don&rsquo;t fret&mdash;this will all make sense shortly.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It turns out that Japanese has no words for &ldquo;a,&rdquo; &ldquo;an,&rdquo; or
        &ldquo;the.&rdquo; These words are quite important in English, and incidentally, it&rsquo;s an
        interesting exercise to think about what they mean and why they are important.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But the upshot is that because they don&rsquo;t exist in Japanese,
        we must add them into our English translation as appropriate to make it sound
        natural. Splicing in an &ldquo;an,&rdquo; we get &ldquo;Is an apple.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">The question still remains, however, &ldquo;<i>What</i> is an apple?&rdquo; Well, in this sentence, that&rsquo;s actually open for
        interpretation. As I mentioned earlier, in Japanese, you don&rsquo;t need to specify
        parts of a sentence that are already understood from context. So, depending on
        what was stated earlier, the sentence <i>Ringo
        desu</i> can mean anything from &ldquo;<i>It</i>
        is an apple&rdquo; to &ldquo;<i>He</i> is an apple&rdquo; to &ldquo;<i>I</i> am an apple.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But actually, the exact same thing is happening here in
        English. The word &ldquo;it&rdquo; is just a meaningless stand-in word. When we say, &ldquo;It is
        an apple,&rdquo; we are depending on the listener to already know what &ldquo;it&rdquo; is. &ldquo;It
        is an apple&rdquo; really means, &ldquo;<u>That thing on the table</u> is an apple,&rdquo; or &ldquo;<u>The
        Red Delicious</u> is an apple,&rdquo; etc. English requires us to have something
        filling in for the unspoken word or phrase. Japanese just omits it entirely.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So you can think of <i>Ringo
        desu</i> as actually meaning &ldquo;(That thing that we both understand from context)
        is (an) apple.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But wait, there&rsquo;s more. Incredible as it may seem, there are
        no singulars or plurals for most words in Japanese. <i>Ringo</i> can be either &ldquo;an apple&rdquo; or &ldquo;apples,&rdquo; depending on the
        context. In English we have a few nouns like this. The word &ldquo;deer&rdquo; is one
        example. One deer, two deer, a dozen deer. One form, &ldquo;deer,&rdquo; is both singular
        and plural. In Japanese, all nouns work this way.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Therefore, our example sentence of <i>Ringo desu</i> could also mean &ldquo;(They) are apples.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Before we talk more about what&rsquo;s happening under the hood,
        let&rsquo;s just look at a few more Japanese sentences and understand the pattern.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s16" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_ringo-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s16');" ontouchend="turnOff('s16');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s16');"><span class="nw">りんご　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl16" onclick="showRoman('rl16', 'r16');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl16');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl16');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl16');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r16" style="display:none;">Ringo desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b16" onclick="showTranslation('b16', 't16');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b16');" ontouchend="turnOff('b16');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b16');">(show translation)</span><span id="t16" style="display:none;">(It) is (an) apple / (They) are apples.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s17" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_neko-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s17');" ontouchend="turnOff('s17');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s17');"><span class="nw">ねこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl17" onclick="showRoman('rl17', 'r17');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl17');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl17');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl17');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r17" style="display:none;">Neko desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b17" onclick="showTranslation('b17', 't17');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b17');" ontouchend="turnOff('b17');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b17');">(show translation)</span><span id="t17" style="display:none;">(It) is (a) cat / (They) are cats.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s18" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_amerika-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s18');" ontouchend="turnOff('s18');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s18');"><span class="nw">あめりか　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl18" onclick="showRoman('rl18', 'r18');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl18');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl18');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl18');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r18" style="display:none;">Amerika desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b18" onclick="showTranslation('b18', 't18');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b18');" ontouchend="turnOff('b18');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b18');">(show translation)</span><span id="t18" style="display:none;">(It) is America.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s19" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_inu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s19');" ontouchend="turnOff('s19');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s19');"><span class="nw">いぬ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl19" onclick="showRoman('rl19', 'r19');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl19');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl19');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl19');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r19" style="display:none;">Inu desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b19" onclick="showTranslation('b19', 't19');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b19');" ontouchend="turnOff('b19');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b19');">(show translation)</span><span id="t19" style="display:none;">(It) is (a) dog / (They) are dogs.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s20" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_jon-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s20');" ontouchend="turnOff('s20');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s20');"><span class="nw">じょん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl20" onclick="showRoman('rl20', 'r20');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl20');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl20');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl20');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r20" style="display:none;">Jon desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b20" onclick="showTranslation('b20', 't20');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b20');" ontouchend="turnOff('b20');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b20');">(show translation)</span><span id="t20" style="display:none;">(It) is John.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">As you can see, we can form a simple affirmative sentence by
        taking any noun and sticking the verb <i>desu</i>
        after it. Why does <i>desu</i> go at the end?
        Because it&rsquo;s a verb, and verbs always go at the end. Using this simple formula,
        you can now create any sentence of this form, just by looking up the noun.
        &ldquo;It&rsquo;s a cerebrum.&rdquo; <i>Dainou desu</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">I can hear you protesting through the computer screen. How
        is it possible that people can understand these sentences? If <i>John desu</i> can mean both &ldquo;I am John&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;He is John,&rdquo; or even &ldquo;She is John,&rdquo; how does anyone know what&rsquo;s going on?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Well, it is certainly possible to specify the &ldquo;I,&rdquo; &ldquo;he,&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;she&rdquo; parts. But it is extremely common to omit them if they are understood
        from the context.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s say that you want to say &ldquo;I am a Canadian.&rdquo; Now let&rsquo;s
        say that the reason you want to say this is because someone has just asked you
        where you are from. The listener is expecting you to say something about
        yourself. It is completely understood that your response is going to be about
        yourself. So you don&rsquo;t actually need to say the word for &ldquo;I.&rdquo; You can simply
        say &ldquo;Am Canadian,&rdquo; <i>Kanada-jin desu.</i>
        This is not low-level Japanese. It&rsquo;s normal, natural Japanese. So Japanese is
        very convenient this way.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ll learn how to specify the subject later, so you can
        make it clear whether you are the Canadian or your friend is the Canadian, but for
        now, let&rsquo;s assume that it&rsquo;s understood that you are the topic of conversation.
        For now, let&rsquo;s just make really simple sentences by adding nouns to <i>desu</i> like in the sentences above.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Here are some more examples. The English translations indicate the possible valid interpretations.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s21" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_nihon-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s21');" ontouchend="turnOff('s21');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s21');"><span class="nw">にほん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl21" onclick="showRoman('rl21', 'r21');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl21');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl21');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl21');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r21" style="display:none;">Nihon desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b21" onclick="showTranslation('b21', 't21');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b21');" ontouchend="turnOff('b21');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b21');">(show translation)</span><span id="t21" style="display:none;">(It) is Japan.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s22" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mizu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s22');" ontouchend="turnOff('s22');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s22');"><span class="nw">みず　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl22" onclick="showRoman('rl22', 'r22');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl22');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl22');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl22');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r22" style="display:none;">Mizu desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b22" onclick="showTranslation('b22', 't22');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b22');" ontouchend="turnOff('b22');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b22');">(show translation)</span><span id="t22" style="display:none;">(It) is water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s23" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_enpitsu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s23');" ontouchend="turnOff('s23');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s23');"><span class="nw">えんぴつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl23" onclick="showRoman('rl23', 'r23');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl23');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl23');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl23');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r23" style="display:none;">Enpitsu desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b23" onclick="showTranslation('b23', 't23');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b23');" ontouchend="turnOff('b23');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b23');">(show translation)</span><span id="t23" style="display:none;">(It) is (a) pencil / (They) are pencils.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s24" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_pen-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s24');" ontouchend="turnOff('s24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s24');"><span class="nw">ぺん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl24" onclick="showRoman('rl24', 'r24');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl24');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl24');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r24" style="display:none;">Pen desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b24" onclick="showTranslation('b24', 't24');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b24');" ontouchend="turnOff('b24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b24');">(show translation)</span><span id="t24" style="display:none;">(It) is (a) pen / (They) are pens.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s25" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mariko-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s25');" ontouchend="turnOff('s25');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s25');"><span class="nw">まりこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl25" onclick="showRoman('rl25', 'r25');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl25');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl25');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl25');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r25" style="display:none;">Mariko desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b25" onclick="showTranslation('b25', 't25');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b25');" ontouchend="turnOff('b25');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b25');">(show translation)</span><span id="t25" style="display:none;">(It) is Mariko / (I) am Mariko.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>The Verb To Be 9</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">In English, a single verb can take many different forms. 
        The most familiar kind of change is to express tense, which indicates when the verb takes place. 
        For example, &ldquo;is&rdquo; is present tense,
        &ldquo;will be&rdquo; is future tense, and &ldquo;was&rdquo; is past tense. But there are other forms as well. 

        For instance, we saw that depending on who we&rsquo;re talking about, we have to choose between 
        &ldquo;is,&rdquo; &ldquo;am,&rdquo; and &ldquo;are,&rdquo; all just for the present tense. 

        English actually has quite a large number of verb forms. 
        Not nearly as many as a Latin-based language like
        Spanish, but a fair number more than Japanese.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For our purposes getting started,
        there are only four main forms of every verb in Japanese. Here&rsquo;s
        the verb <i>to be</i> written out in a four-celled chart that you shall soon become
        intimately familiar with:</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con1" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con1');" ontouchend="turnOff('con1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con1');">です</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con2" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con2');" ontouchend="turnOff('con2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con2');">では　ありません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con3" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con3');" ontouchend="turnOff('con3');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con3');">でした</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con4" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con4');" ontouchend="turnOff('con4');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con4');">では　ありません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->



<p class="bodycopy">Notice that the word <i>desu</i>
        is in the square where &ldquo;positive&rdquo; and &ldquo;present&rdquo; intersect. This means that this
        is the word to use for any present tense, positive uses of the copula. In
        English, this corresponds to &ldquo;is,&rdquo; &ldquo;am&rdquo;, and &ldquo;are.&rdquo; <i>Desu</i> covers all three.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ve learned how to say, &ldquo;It is an apple.&rdquo; Well, what if
        you want to say that it <i>isn&rsquo;t</i> an
        apple? Well, just slide over on the chart up above to the box where the
        categories &ldquo;Present&rdquo; and &ldquo;Negative&rdquo; intersect. The word is <i>deha arimasen</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Actually, it only appears to be <i>deha arimasen</i>. The <i>ha</i> is
        the same <i>ha</i> we saw in the <i>konnichi wa</i> and <i>konban wa</i>. It&rsquo;s pronounced <i>wa</i>
        here.</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 10</title>

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        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
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                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con5" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con5');" ontouchend="turnOff('con5');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con5');">です</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con6" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con6');" ontouchend="turnOff('con6');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con6');">では　ありません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con7" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con7');" ontouchend="turnOff('con7');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con7');">でした</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con8" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con8');" ontouchend="turnOff('con8');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con8');">では　ありません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Dewa arimasen</i> is
        the verb form to use for negative, present tense statements. To say &ldquo;It isn&rsquo;t
        an apple,&rdquo; you just change the <i>desu</i> to
        <i>dewa arimasen</i>, to get <i>Ringo de wa arimasen</i>. To say you aren&rsquo;t
        a Canadian, just say <i>Kanada-jin dewa
        arimasen</i>. Here are a few more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s26" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_nihonjin-deha-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s26');" ontouchend="turnOff('s26');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s26');"><span class="nw">にほんじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl26" onclick="showRoman('rl26', 'r26');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl26');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl26');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl26');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r26" style="display:none;">Nihon-jin dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b26" onclick="showTranslation('b26', 't26');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b26');" ontouchend="turnOff('b26');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b26');">(show translation)</span><span id="t26" style="display:none;">She isn&rsquo;t a Japanese person / He isn&rsquo;t a Japanese person.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s27" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_inu-deha-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s27');" ontouchend="turnOff('s27');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s27');"><span class="nw">いぬ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl27" onclick="showRoman('rl27', 'r27');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl27');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl27');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl27');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r27" style="display:none;">Inu dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b27" onclick="showTranslation('b27', 't27');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b27');" ontouchend="turnOff('b27');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b27');">(show translation)</span><span id="t27" style="display:none;">It isn&rsquo;t a dog / They aren&rsquo;t dogs.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s28" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mizu-deha-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s28');" ontouchend="turnOff('s28');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s28');"><span class="nw">みず　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl28" onclick="showRoman('rl28', 'r28');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl28');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl28');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl28');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r28" style="display:none;">Mizu dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b28" onclick="showTranslation('b28', 't28');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b28');" ontouchend="turnOff('b28');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b28');">(show translation)</span><span id="t28" style="display:none;">It isn&rsquo;t water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s29" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_amerika-deha-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s29');" ontouchend="turnOff('s29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s29');"><span class="nw">あめりか　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl29" onclick="showRoman('rl29', 'r29');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl29');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl29');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r29" style="display:none;">Amerika dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b29" onclick="showTranslation('b29', 't29');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b29');" ontouchend="turnOff('b29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b29');">(show translation)</span><span id="t29" style="display:none;">It isn&rsquo;t America.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">These examples should seem pretty straightforward. <i>Dewa arimasen</i> is simply the negative
        version of <i>desu</i>, so the above
        sentences are simply negative versions of the sentences we discussed earlier.</p>


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    <title>The Verb To Be 11</title>

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        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con9" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con9');" ontouchend="turnOff('con9');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con9');">です</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con10" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con10');" ontouchend="turnOff('con10');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con10');">では　ありません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con11" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con11');" ontouchend="turnOff('con11');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con11');">でした</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con12" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con12');" ontouchend="turnOff('con12');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con12');">では　ありません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">
        
        So far, so good. Now, to make things past tense, all you
        have to do is slide down on the chart to the bottom left row. In the box where
        the categories of &ldquo;Past&rdquo; and &ldquo;Positive&rdquo; converge, you&rsquo;ll see that the verb-form
        is <i>deshita.</i> So to say &ldquo;It <i>was </i>a cat,&rdquo; all you have to do is say <i>Neko deshita.</i> See how easy this is? Here
        are examples of the above sentences in past tense:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s30" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_nihonjin-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s30');" ontouchend="turnOff('s30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s30');"><span class="nw">にほんじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl30" onclick="showRoman('rl30', 'r30');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl30');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl30');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r30" style="display:none;">Nihon-jin deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b30" onclick="showTranslation('b30', 't30');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b30');" ontouchend="turnOff('b30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b30');">(show translation)</span><span id="t30" style="display:none;">She was a Japanese person / They were Japanese.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s31" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_inu-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s31');" ontouchend="turnOff('s31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s31');"><span class="nw">いぬ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl31" onclick="showRoman('rl31', 'r31');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl31');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl31');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r31" style="display:none;">Inu deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b31" onclick="showTranslation('b31', 't31');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b31');" ontouchend="turnOff('b31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b31');">(show translation)</span><span id="t31" style="display:none;">It was a dog / They were dogs.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s32" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mizu-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s32');" ontouchend="turnOff('s32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s32');"><span class="nw">みず　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl32" onclick="showRoman('rl32', 'r32');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl32');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl32');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r32" style="display:none;">Mizu deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b32" onclick="showTranslation('b32', 't32');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b32');" ontouchend="turnOff('b32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b32');">(show translation)</span><span id="t32" style="display:none;">It was water.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">And finally, the last box has the negative past tense of
        this verb in it. If <i>Ringo de wa arimasen</i>
        means &ldquo;It&rsquo;s not an apple,&rdquo; and <i>deshita</i>
        makes it past tense, then the combo <i>Ringo
        de wa arimasen deshita</i> must mean &ldquo;It <i>was
        not</i> an apple.&rdquo;</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con13" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con13');" ontouchend="turnOff('con13');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con13');">です</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con14" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con14');" ontouchend="turnOff('con14');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con14');">では　ありません</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con15" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con15');" ontouchend="turnOff('con15');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con15');">でした</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con16" valign="top" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_dewa-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con16');" ontouchend="turnOff('con16');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con16');">では　ありません　でした</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">Here are the examples to match the ones above, with the last one thrown in for fun:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s33" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_inu-deha-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s33');" ontouchend="turnOff('s33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s33');"><span class="nw">いぬ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl33" onclick="showRoman('rl33', 'r33');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl33');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl33');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r33" style="display:none;">Inu dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b33" onclick="showTranslation('b33', 't33');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b33');" ontouchend="turnOff('b33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b33');">(show translation)</span><span id="t33" style="display:none;">It wasn&rsquo;t a dog / They weren&rsquo;t dogs.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s34" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_mizu-deha-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s34');" ontouchend="turnOff('s34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s34');"><span class="nw">みず　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl34" onclick="showRoman('rl34', 'r34');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl34');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl34');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r34" style="display:none;">Mizu dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b34" onclick="showTranslation('b34', 't34');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b34');" ontouchend="turnOff('b34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b34');">(show translation)</span><span id="t34" style="display:none;">It wasn&rsquo;t water.</span></div>
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            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s35" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_chikin-deha-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s35');" ontouchend="turnOff('s35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s35');"><span class="nw">ちきん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">では　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl35" onclick="showRoman('rl35', 'r35');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl35');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl35');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r35" style="display:none;">Chikin dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b35" onclick="showTranslation('b35', 't35');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b35');" ontouchend="turnOff('b35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b35');">(show translation)</span><span id="t35" style="display:none;">That <u>wasn&rsquo;t</u> chicken.</span></div>
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    <title>The Verb To Be 13</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">But what if you want to say, &ldquo;It <i>will be</i> an apple&rdquo;? Well, that&rsquo;s when you use one more form of the copula
        that I didn&rsquo;t include on the chart. I left it out of the chart because I wanted
        to introduce you to the concept of four forms of a verb, since that&rsquo;s what
        every other verb is based around. But there&rsquo;s also another form of the copula
        called <i>deshou</i>. <i>Deshou</i> includes a little bit of uncertainty. So it&rsquo;s often
        translated with a &ldquo;probably&rdquo; attached to it. And depending on the context, it
        can be either present or future tense. Here are some examples:</p>

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                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s36" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_ringo-deshou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s36');" ontouchend="turnOff('s36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s36');"><span class="nw">りんご　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でしょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl36" onclick="showRoman('rl36', 'r36');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl36');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl36');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r36" style="display:none;">Ringo deshou.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b36" onclick="showTranslation('b36', 't36');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b36');" ontouchend="turnOff('b36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b36');">(show translation)</span><span id="t36" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s probably an apple / It will probably be an apple.</span></div>
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            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
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                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s37" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_neko-deshou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s37');" ontouchend="turnOff('s37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s37');"><span class="nw">ねこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でしょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl37" onclick="showRoman('rl37', 'r37');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl37');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl37');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r37" style="display:none;">Neko deshou.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b37" onclick="showTranslation('b37', 't37');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b37');" ontouchend="turnOff('b37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b37');">(show translation)</span><span id="t37" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s probably a cat / It will probably be a cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-verbtobe-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s38" onclick="playSound('VerbToBe_amerikajin-deshou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s38');" ontouchend="turnOff('s38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s38');"><span class="nw">あめりかじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でしょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl38" onclick="showRoman('rl38', 'r38');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl38');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl38');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r38" style="display:none;">Amerika-jin deshou.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b38" onclick="showTranslation('b38', 't38');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b38');" ontouchend="turnOff('b38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b38');">(show translation)</span><span id="t38" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s probably an American / It will probably be an American.</span></div>
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">So there you have it. That&rsquo;s the copula. In this lesson, we
            learned how to construct the most basic sentences in Japanese, which consist of
            a noun plus a form of the verb <i>desu</i>.
            We learned that there are no separate singular and plural forms of nouns,
            making every Japanese noun work the way the word &ldquo;deer&rdquo; does in English. And we
            learned positive and negative, present and past forms of the verb <i>desu</i>, along
            with an uncertain or future form, <i>deshou</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now we have the tools we need to start making some really
            great sentences. But first, stop for a moment and take the friendly chapter review below 
to make sure you&rsquo;ve got these concepts nailed down. </p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In the next lesson, we&rsquo;ll learn some vocabulary for things
            you&rsquo;ll find around the house.</p>

    
          
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