272     7085    7357    3309    10666   5210    15876   6621    22497   2941    25438   3742    29180   4255    33435   3295    36730   4920    41650   6240    47890   7682    55572   3960    59532   7981    67513   8393    75906   8933    84839   9104    93943   2544    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 15</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Naming Topics with <i>Wa</i></div>
        <div class="blurb">So far, we&rsquo;ve been stymied from creating longer sentences
because we weren&rsquo;t able to explicitly specify the subjects in our sentences. A
sentence like <i>Kanada-jin desu</i> could
mean any number of things, forcing us to translate it as, &ldquo;It/he/she/they
is/are Canadian(s).&rdquo; We&rsquo;ve now come to a major turning point in our study of
Japanese. We&rsquo;ll be learning a key particle that allows us to say who we&rsquo;re
talking about!</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">To get started, let&rsquo;s learn a few important vocabulary words.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v205_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v205_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v205_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v205_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashi');"><span class="nw">わたし</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">I / me</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v206_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v206_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v206_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v206_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_anata');"><span class="nw">あなた</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">you</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v207_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v207_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v207_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v207_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_tomodachi');"><span class="nw">ともだち</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">friend</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v208_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v208_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v208_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v208_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_hito');"><span class="nw">ひと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">person</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v209_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v209_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v209_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v209_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_sono-hito');"><span class="nw">その　</span> <span class="nw">ひと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">that person / he / she</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v210_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v210_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v210_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v210_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_tachi');"><span class="nw">～たち</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">pluralizer</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v211_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v211_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v211_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v211_col1');" onclick="playSound('Subjects_san');"><span class="nw">～さん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">polite name suffix</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">I know that <i>hito</i> sounds like <i>sh&rsquo;to</i>. See my notes on the next page.</p>


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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 2</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Watashi</i> and <i>anata</i> are the standard, adult words for
        &ldquo;I/me&rdquo; and &ldquo;you.&rdquo; There are several other words that can be used depending on
        the social situation, but these are the most useful as they can be used in any
        situation.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">If you&rsquo;re wondering about the pronunciation of the word <i>hito</i>, &ldquo;person,&rdquo;
which sounds almost, but not quite, like <i>sh&rsquo;to</i>, 
this is another instance of a whispered vowel. We&rsquo;ve seen that the <i>shi</i> in <i>deshita</i>
gets so minimized that the word sounds like <i>desh&rsquo;ta.</i> The same thing is happening here. </p>


<p class="bodycopy">The best way to understand this is to experience it yourself. 
Start by saying <i>hi</i> out loud a few times, the way you normally might. 
Pay attention to the sound and feel of the air rushing past your palate. (If you don&rsquo;t hear it clearly, experiment with 
moving the back of your tongue closer to your palate.)
Now, take away the vowel part so that it sounds like you&rsquo;re whispering, and what you&rsquo;re left with
is this very unique rushing air sound, an almost &ldquo;sh&rdquo;-like sound. Pair that up with <i>to</i> and you have the word <i>hito</i>.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny101" onclick="playSound('Subjects_hito');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny101');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny101');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny101');">ひと</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">HITO</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny102" onclick="playSound('Subjects_sono-hito');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny102');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny102');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny102');">その　ひと</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SONO HITO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


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<p class="bodycopy"><i>-Tachi</i> is a suffix
        that can be attached to nouns that relate to humans to pluralize them. Remember
        how we said that there are no plurals for nouns in Japanese? The one exception
        is in the case of people.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So if <i>sensei</i> means
        &ldquo;the teacher,&rdquo; then <i>sensei-tachi</i>
        means &ldquo;the teachers.&rdquo; Similarly, it can attach to <i>watashi</i> and <i>anata</i> to form
        plurals of those words:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s91" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashitachi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s91');" ontouchend="turnOff('s91');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s91');"><span class="nw">わたしたち</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl91" onclick="showRoman('rl91', 'r91');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl91');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl91');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl91');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r91" style="display:none;">watashi-tachi</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b91" onclick="showTranslation('b91', 't91');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b91');" ontouchend="turnOff('b91');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b91');">(show translation)</span><span id="t91" style="display:none;">we</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s92" onclick="playSound('Subjects_anatatachi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s92');" ontouchend="turnOff('s92');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s92');"><span class="nw">あなたたち</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl92" onclick="showRoman('rl92', 'r92');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl92');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl92');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl92');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r92" style="display:none;">anata-tachi</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b92" onclick="showTranslation('b92', 't92');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b92');" ontouchend="turnOff('b92');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b92');">(show translation)</span><span id="t92" style="display:none;">you (plural)</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s93" onclick="playSound('Subjects_hitotachi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s93');" ontouchend="turnOff('s93');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s93');"><span class="nw">ひとたち</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl93" onclick="showRoman('rl93', 'r93');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl93');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl93');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl93');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r93" style="display:none;">hito-tachi</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b93" onclick="showTranslation('b93', 't93');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b93');" ontouchend="turnOff('b93');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b93');">(show translation)</span><span id="t93" style="display:none;">people</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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<p class="bodycopy">Finally, notice the name suffix <i>-san</i>. This is a respectful word attached to the names of others who
        are outside of your &ldquo;intimate circle.&rdquo; For example, the word is <u>not</u>
        applied to the name of your spouse or children when speaking to others.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Another example of when not to add <i>-san</i> is in a business situation when talking to someone from
        another company about people in your own company. The people in your own
        company are treated as a part of your family, so you would not add <i>-san</i> to, say, your own boss&rsquo;s name. (You
        would definitely add it to the name of the other company&rsquo;s boss!). As a general
        rule, however, everyone else gets it.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You can think of <i>-san</i>
        as something like &ldquo;Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. / Miss,&rdquo; so that <i>Suzuki-san</i> means something like &ldquo;Mr. Suzuki,&rdquo; the main difference
        being that it works for both men and women. So when we hear the name <i>Suzuki-san</i>, we don&rsquo;t know
        whether <i>Suzuki-san</i> is a man or a woman.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Another important difference is that it can attach not only last names, but to first names too, 
something we don&rsquo;t usually do with a word like &ldquo;Mr.&rdquo; in English. When using both names, state the last name, then
        the first name, then <i>-san</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So, for example, if we were to talk about our friendly
        neighbor Ken Nozaki (Ken is the first name), we could legitimately call him any
        of the following:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s94" onclick="playSound('Subjects_nozaki-san');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s94');" ontouchend="turnOff('s94');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s94');"><span class="nw">のざき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さん</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl94" onclick="showRoman('rl94', 'r94');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl94');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl94');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl94');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r94" style="display:none;">Nozaki-san</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b94" onclick="showTranslation('b94', 't94');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b94');" ontouchend="turnOff('b94');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b94');">(show translation)</span><span id="t94" style="display:none;">Mr. Nozaki</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s95" onclick="playSound('Subjects_nozaki-ken-san');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s95');" ontouchend="turnOff('s95');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s95');"><span class="nw">のざき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">けん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さん</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl95" onclick="showRoman('rl95', 'r95');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl95');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl95');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl95');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r95" style="display:none;">Nozaki Ken-san</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b95" onclick="showTranslation('b95', 't95');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b95');" ontouchend="turnOff('b95');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b95');">(show translation)</span><span id="t95" style="display:none;">Mr. Ken Nozaki</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s96" onclick="playSound('Subjects_ken-san');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s96');" ontouchend="turnOff('s96');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s96');"><span class="nw">けん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さん</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl96" onclick="showRoman('rl96', 'r96');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl96');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl96');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl96');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r96" style="display:none;">Ken-san</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b96" onclick="showTranslation('b96', 't96');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b96');" ontouchend="turnOff('b96');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b96');">(show translation)</span><span id="t96" style="display:none;">Ken</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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<p class="bodycopy">In general, Japanese people call each other by their last name plus
        <i>-san</i> until they have become
        reasonably close friends. After that, first name plus <i>-san</i> may be used. 
        Very close friends drop the <i>-san</i> altogether.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ll notice that conspicuously absent from the vocabulary
        list are words for &ldquo;he&rdquo; and &ldquo;she.&rdquo; While there are words in Japanese that can
        mean these things, they simply are not used like they are in English, so I
        don&rsquo;t want you to begin using them just yet. Japanese people typically use the
        name of the person they are speaking about instead of the pronouns &ldquo;he&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;she,&rdquo; and after the topic has been established, it is not necessary to
        continue to identify the subject in each and every sentence, as we have seen.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ll be meeting the word <i>sono</i>
        a few lessons from now, but I gave it to you in this list with <i>hito</i> because 
        <i>sono hito</i> is a good workaround for &ldquo;he&rdquo; or &ldquo;she.&rdquo; When relating a
        story about someone they saw on the street, Japanese people might refer to him or her as &ldquo;that
        person,&rdquo; where we would use &ldquo;he&rdquo; or &ldquo;she.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Actually, even the word <i>anata</i>
        is not very heavily used. Instead, Japanese people tend to use the name of the
        person to whom they are speaking. For example, instead of saying, &ldquo;Would you
        like to see a movie?&rdquo; they might say &ldquo;Would John like to see a movie?&rdquo; At first
        this sounds strange, being addressed in the third-person, but you&rsquo;ll get used
        to it. <i>Anata</i> tends to be used mostly
        when a person&rsquo;s name is not yet known, or when you&rsquo;ve just met someone and have
        already forgotten it!</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So now that we know how to name our actors,
        let&rsquo;s look at how to weave them into our sentences.</p>


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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 6</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The particle <i>wa</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ve now reached your second particle, and your first true
        initiation into the world of Japanese. The particle <i>wa</i> 
        is perhaps the most important particle in the entire language,
        and it&rsquo;s also something that doesn&rsquo;t quite have an exact counterpart in
        English.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Wa</i> is called a <i>topic marker</i>. It marks the <i>topic</i> of discussion. It says, &ldquo;Hey
        everybody, now we&rsquo;re going to talk about what I just marked.&rdquo; <i>Wa</i> is often translated &ldquo;as for&rdquo; or
        &ldquo;regarding.&rdquo; You can get a good idea of the feel by looking at the following
        example, presented in Roman characters for clarity.</p>

<!-- Wa -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s97" onclick="playSound('Subjects_mariko-san-wa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s97');" ontouchend="turnOff('s97');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s97');"><span class="nw">Mariko-san wa...</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b97" onclick="showTranslation('b97', 't97');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b97');" ontouchend="turnOff('b97');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b97');">(show translation)</span><span id="t97" style="display:none;">As for Mariko...</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">After you&rsquo;ve established the topic of the sentence, you can
        go on to say something meaningful about it.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s98" onclick="playSound('Subjects_mariko-san-wa-nihonjin-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s98');" ontouchend="turnOff('s98');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s98');"><span class="nw">Mariko-san wa...Nihon-jin desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b98" onclick="showTranslation('b98', 't98');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b98');" ontouchend="turnOff('b98');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b98');">(show translation)</span><span id="t98" style="display:none;">As for Mariko...she is Japanese.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 7</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try a few more examples.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s99" onclick="playSound('Subjects_jon-san-wa-amerika-jin-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s99');" ontouchend="turnOff('s99');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s99');"><span class="nw">Jon-san wa...Amerika-jin desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b99" onclick="showTranslation('b99', 't99');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b99');" ontouchend="turnOff('b99');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b99');">(show translation)</span><span id="t99" style="display:none;">As for John...he is American.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s100" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashi-wa-kanada-jin-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s100');" ontouchend="turnOff('s100');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s100');"><span class="nw">Watashi wa...Kanada-jin desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b100" onclick="showTranslation('b100', 't100');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b100');" ontouchend="turnOff('b100');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b100');">(show translation)</span><span id="t100" style="display:none;">As for me...I am Canadian.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s101" onclick="playSound('Subjects_anata-wa-sensei-desu-ka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s101');" ontouchend="turnOff('s101');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s101');"><span class="nw">Anata wa...sensei desu ka?</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b101" onclick="showTranslation('b101', 't101');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b101');" ontouchend="turnOff('b101');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b101');">(show translation)</span><span id="t101" style="display:none;">As for you...are you a teacher?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">This form of sentence is very common in Japanese. You set up
        a topic with <i>wa</i>, and then you go ahead
        and ask or say something about it. I put ellipses in the examples to emphasize
        that feeling. Establish the topic, then say or ask. As for A, it is B. As for
        X, is it Y?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s hold that thought for a moment and take a peek under
        the hood. In this lesson, we&rsquo;ve mentioned <i>topics</i>
        and <i>subjects</i>, which sound almost like
        the same thing. However, there are some important differences.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">In English, the subject in a sentence is the person or thing
        that does the action. It is the doer of the verb. In the sentence, &ldquo;I go to
        school everyday,&rdquo; the subject is &ldquo;I&rdquo; because &ldquo;I&rdquo; is the person who does the
        action&mdash;he or she <i>goes</i> to school. In
        the sentence, &ldquo;My teachers give me tons of homework,&rdquo; the subject is &ldquo;my
        teachers&rdquo; because they are the ones who carry out the verb&mdash;they <i>give</i> homework. And in the sentence,
        &ldquo;My homework is really boring,&rdquo; the subject is &ldquo;my homework&rdquo; because it is the one
        who does the action of <i>being</i> boring.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">When we translate <i>Sensei
        wa Amerika-jin desu</i> as &ldquo;The teacher is American,&rdquo; the subject of that
        English sentence becomes &ldquo;the teacher,&rdquo; because it does the action of <i>being</i> American. It would seem, by
        looking at the Japanese, that <i>wa</i> is
        simply a particle to mark subjects. In this sentence, that appears to be the
        case, but it&rsquo;s not actually true.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Wa</i> really just
        marks the topic of conversation, and it can be used quite flexibly, in ways
        that would be confusing if you tried to understand it as a simple subject
        marker. That&rsquo;s why I&rsquo;ve taken pains to translate the sentences above with the
        ellipses. Take a look at my &ldquo;as for&rdquo; translation:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">As for the teacher, she is American.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this example, the primary sentence is, &ldquo;She is American,&rdquo;
        and the actual grammatical subject is &ldquo;she,&rdquo; not &ldquo;the teacher.&rdquo; The phrase at
        the beginning, &ldquo;as for the teacher,&rdquo; simply sets up the general topic under
        consideration. That&rsquo;s exactly what&rsquo;s happening in Japanese (and that&rsquo;s why &ldquo;as for&rdquo; 
        is a truly brilliant translation of <i>wa</i>).</p>


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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 9</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">This distinction probably seems like a lot to take in right now, and
        your understanding of <i>wa</i> will mature
        over time. For now, it&rsquo;s ok to think of <i>wa</i>
        simply as a way to indicate the subject of a sentence. But it&rsquo;s important to
        remember that it&rsquo;s actually the topic marker. One day further down the road,
        you&rsquo;ll be trying to figure out what <i>wa</i>
        is doing in a sentence, and you&rsquo;ll remember this discussion, and a light bulb
        will go on in your head. So for the time being, we&rsquo;ll treat <i>wa</i> as if it were simply a subject
        marker, but with the knowledge that it is working differently under the hood.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So we now have the power to say what the sentence is about,
        simply by adding a <i>wa</i> phrase in the front. And it works for more than just
        people. Check out the following examples.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s102" onclick="playSound('Subjects_raigetsu-wa-gogatsu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s102');" ontouchend="turnOff('s102');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s102');"><span class="nw">Raigetsu wa go-gatsu desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b102" onclick="showTranslation('b102', 't102');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b102');" ontouchend="turnOff('b102');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b102');">(show translation)</span><span id="t102" style="display:none;">Next month is May.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s103" onclick="playSound('Subjects_ashita-wa-mokuyoubi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s103');" ontouchend="turnOff('s103');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s103');"><span class="nw">Ashita wa mokuyoubi desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b103" onclick="showTranslation('b103', 't103');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b103');" ontouchend="turnOff('b103');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b103');">(show translation)</span><span id="t103" style="display:none;">Tomorrow is Thursday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s104" onclick="playSound('Subjects_asatte-wa-kinyoubi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s104');" ontouchend="turnOff('s104');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s104');"><span class="nw">Asatte wa kin&rsquo;youbi desu.</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b104" onclick="showTranslation('b104', 't104');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b104');" ontouchend="turnOff('b104');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b104');">(show translation)</span><span id="t104" style="display:none;">The day after tomorrow is Friday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s take the top one apart just to make sure we understand
        the mechanics. First, <i>Raigetsu wa</i>
        sets up the topic, &ldquo;As for next month...&rdquo; and then we get the punchline&mdash;&ldquo;it&rsquo;s
        May!&rdquo; We can splice those two units together for a more natural-sounding, &ldquo;Next
        month is May.&rdquo;</p>

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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 10</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Using the &ldquo;A <i>wa</i> B <i>desu</i>&rdquo; structure, we can make any type of
        &ldquo;A is B&rdquo; sentence that you can imagine. Just mark A as your topic using <i>wa</i>, and then finish it up with B plus <i>desu</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s start looking at examples written in Japanese. There&rsquo;s
        just one oddity about the particle <i>wa</i>
        as written in hiragana: it&rsquo;s
        represented with the character <i>ha</i>. We&rsquo;ve
        already seen this in the words <i>konnichi
        wa</i> and <i>konban wa</i>, and I had to
        defer the explanation until now. The <i>wa</i>
        in both of those phrases is not just some random part of a word. It&rsquo;s the
        particle <i>wa</i>, which is always written
        as <i>ha</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s105" onclick="playSound('Subjects_konnichiha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s105');" ontouchend="turnOff('s105');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s105');"><span class="nw">こんにちは。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl105" onclick="showRoman('rl105', 'r105');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl105');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl105');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl105');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r105" style="display:none;">Konnichi wa.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b105" onclick="showTranslation('b105', 't105');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b105');" ontouchend="turnOff('b105');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b105');">(show translation)</span><span id="t105" style="display:none;">Good day. (Lit. &ldquo;As for today...&rdquo;)</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s106" onclick="playSound('Subjects_konbanha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s106');" ontouchend="turnOff('s106');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s106');"><span class="nw">こんばんは。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl106" onclick="showRoman('rl106', 'r106');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl106');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl106');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl106');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r106" style="display:none;">Konban wa.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b106" onclick="showTranslation('b106', 't106');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b106');" ontouchend="turnOff('b106');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b106');">(show translation)</span><span id="t106" style="display:none;">Good evening. (Lit. &ldquo;As for this evening...&rdquo;)</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Now that you understand this particle, you can get a deeper
        understanding of the origin of these greetings. <i>Konnichi</i> literally means &ldquo;this day&rdquo; (that is, today), 
and <i>konban</i> means &ldquo;this evening.&rdquo; Therefore, the greeting <i>Konnichi wa</i> literally means &ldquo;As for today....&rdquo;
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
        When you greet someone with one of
        these phrases, it&rsquo;s as if you&rsquo;re starting a sentence that the other person might
        finish with a comment on the weather or somesuch. An exchange might go, &ldquo;As for
        today...&rdquo; &ldquo;It&rsquo;s hot, isn&rsquo;t it?&rdquo; Or, &ldquo;As for this evening...&rdquo; &ldquo;The moon sure is
        pretty, isn&rsquo;t it?&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Today, of course, most people just use the words as we might use &ldquo;hello.&rdquo; But from time to time, especially in older movies, 
you really will see people greet each other with the two-part usage that harkens back to the original meanings of these greetings.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">With regard to the strange rule about representing <i>wa</i> with the character <i>ha</i>, 
this is a long story, but the short version is that in Japanese, as with all languages, pronunciation has changed over time,
and this particle was indeed pronounced in different ways in the distant past. However, since the particle <i>wa</i> is so
incredibly important, occurring in nearly every sentence, the old spelling was retained even when the pronunciation changed.

Rest assured that this is one of the very few instances in which a hiragana character is pronounced 
differently from the way it looks.</p>


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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 11</title>

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<!-- Page 10 -->

<p class="bodycopy">In standard written Japanese, where the words are all strung
        together with no spaces, you have to identify this particle based on its context
        in the sentence. In my examples, I&rsquo;ll use spaces as I&rsquo;ve done up to now and
        attach <i>wa</i> directly to the noun to
        which it attaches, so you should be able to pick them out without too much
        difficulty. For the first few examples, I&rsquo;ll also include the reading in Roman
        characters so you can make sure to get the hang of it.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Try looking at a few more examples, using some of our
        recently learned vocab words.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s107" onclick="playSound('Subjects_ichigatsuha-fuyu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s107');" ontouchend="turnOff('s107');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s107');"><span class="nw">いちがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ふゆ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl107" onclick="showRoman('rl107', 'r107');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl107');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl107');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl107');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r107" style="display:none;">Ichi-gatsu wa fuyu desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b107" onclick="showTranslation('b107', 't107');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b107');" ontouchend="turnOff('b107');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b107');">(show translation)</span><span id="t107" style="display:none;">January is winter.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s108" onclick="playSound('Subjects_shichigatsuha-natsu-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s108');" ontouchend="turnOff('s108');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s108');"><span class="nw">しちがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl108" onclick="showRoman('rl108', 'r108');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl108');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl108');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl108');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r108" style="display:none;">Shichi-gatsu wa natsu desu ne.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b108" onclick="showTranslation('b108', 't108');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b108');" ontouchend="turnOff('b108');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b108');">(show translation)</span><span id="t108" style="display:none;">July is summer, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s109" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashiha-JON-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s109');" ontouchend="turnOff('s109');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s109');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョン　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl109" onclick="showRoman('rl109', 'r109');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl109');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl109');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl109');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r109" style="display:none;">Watashi wa Jon desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b109" onclick="showTranslation('b109', 't109');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b109');" ontouchend="turnOff('b109');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b109');">(show translation)</span><span id="t109" style="display:none;">I am John.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s110" onclick="playSound('Subjects_namaeha-suzuki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s110');" ontouchend="turnOff('s110');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s110');"><span class="nw">なまえは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すずき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl110" onclick="showRoman('rl110', 'r110');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl110');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl110');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl110');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r110" style="display:none;">Namae wa Suzuki desu.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b110" onclick="showTranslation('b110', 't110');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b110');" ontouchend="turnOff('b110');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b110');">(show translation)</span><span id="t110" style="display:none;">The name is Suzuki.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">You can understand each of these sentences at their
        elemental level by mechanically translating the <i>wa</i> phrase as, &ldquo;as for such-and-such,&rdquo; and then finishing up with
        the second half, &ldquo;it is thus-and-such.&rdquo; In each of these examples, we&rsquo;re saying
        &ldquo;As for A, it is B.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s pretty easy to use this formula to make statements. What
        about asking questions?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It&rsquo;s as easy as you probably have guessed. You keep the
        structure exactly the same and add <i>ka</i>
        on the end. Suddenly, your statement that &ldquo;Today is Thursday&rdquo; is turned into
        the question, &ldquo;Is today Thursday?&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s111" onclick="playSound('Subjects_kyouha-mokuyoubi-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s111');" ontouchend="turnOff('s111');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s111');"><span class="nw">きょうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">もくようび　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl111" onclick="showRoman('rl111', 'r111');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl111');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl111');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl111');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r111" style="display:none;">Kyou wa mokuyoubi desu ka?</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b111" onclick="showTranslation('b111', 't111');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b111');" ontouchend="turnOff('b111');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b111');">(show translation)</span><span id="t111" style="display:none;">Is today Thursday?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Remember what is happening elementally. Break the sentence
        after the <i>wa</i> and look at each part
        individually. &ldquo;As for today...is it Thursday?&rdquo; Or, if you like, you can take the <i>ka</i> off and try to understand the grammar
        as a statement first, and then turn it into a question.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now you can ask things like &ldquo;Are you American?&rdquo; or &ldquo;Is next
        month June?&rdquo; Just break them down. &ldquo;As for you...are you American?&rdquo; 
        becomes <i>Anata wa</i>...<i>Amerika-jin desu ka?</i> &ldquo;As for next month...is it June?&rdquo; becomes 
        <i>Raigetsu wa</i>...<i>rokugatsu desu ka?</i> Take a look at the following examples of this.</p>


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        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s112" onclick="playSound('Subjects_marikosanha-nihonjin-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s112');" ontouchend="turnOff('s112');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s112');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にほんじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl112" onclick="showRoman('rl112', 'r112');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl112');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl112');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl112');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r112" style="display:none;">Mariko-san wa Nihon-jin desu ka?</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b112" onclick="showTranslation('b112', 't112');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b112');" ontouchend="turnOff('b112');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b112');">(show translation)</span><span id="t112" style="display:none;">Is Mariko Japanese?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s113" onclick="playSound('Subjects_sangatsuha-fuyu-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s113');" ontouchend="turnOff('s113');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s113');"><span class="nw">さんがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ふゆ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl113" onclick="showRoman('rl113', 'r113');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl113');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl113');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl113');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r113" style="display:none;">San-gatsu wa fuyu desu ka?</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b113" onclick="showTranslation('b113', 't113');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b113');" ontouchend="turnOff('b113');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b113');">(show translation)</span><span id="t113" style="display:none;">Is March winter?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s114" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashiha-neko-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s114');" ontouchend="turnOff('s114');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s114');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl114" onclick="showRoman('rl114', 'r114');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl114');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl114');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl114');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r114" style="display:none;">Watashi wa neko desu ka?</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b114" onclick="showTranslation('b114', 't114');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b114');" ontouchend="turnOff('b114');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b114');">(show translation)</span><span id="t114" style="display:none;">Am I a cat?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s115" onclick="playSound('Subjects_anataha-AMERIKAjin-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s115');" ontouchend="turnOff('s115');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s115');"><span class="nw">あなたは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl115" onclick="showRoman('rl115', 'r115');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl115');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl115');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl115');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r115" style="display:none;">Anata wa Amerika-jin desu ka?</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b115" onclick="showTranslation('b115', 't115');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b115');" ontouchend="turnOff('b115');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b115');">(show translation)</span><span id="t115" style="display:none;">Are you American?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">If you have trouble understanding any sentence in Japanese,
        always break it up into units after each main particle. In this case, we only
        have one particle in the middle of the sentence, the <i>wa</i>. So break each
        sentence in half. &ldquo;As for Mariko...is she
        Japanese?&rdquo; &ldquo;As for March...is it winter?&rdquo; and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As we go on and create more complex sentences with more
        particles in them, always remember that the elemental units of sentences are
        marked off with particles. You can always break the sentences apart at those
        points.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now we can apply what we know about the different forms
        of the copula and create negative statements, past statements, and past negative
        statements, not to mention the corresponding questions! Let&rsquo;s work through each
        one.</p>

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    <title>Naming Topics with Wa 14</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Past tense</div>


<p class="bodycopy">As you&rsquo;ll recall, the past tense of <i>desu</i> is <i>deshita</i>. So if we
        want to say &ldquo;A was B,&rdquo; then we simply swap the <i>desu</i> with <i>deshita</i>. Simple
        enough, right? Then let&rsquo;s check out some examples.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s116" onclick="playSound('Subjects_kinouha-nichiyoubi-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s116');" ontouchend="turnOff('s116');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s116');"><span class="nw">きのうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にちようび　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl116" onclick="showRoman('rl116', 'r116');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl116');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl116');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl116');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r116" style="display:none;">Kinou wa nichiyoubi deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b116" onclick="showTranslation('b116', 't116');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b116');" ontouchend="turnOff('b116');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b116');">(show translation)</span><span id="t116" style="display:none;">Yesterday was Sunday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s117" onclick="playSound('Subjects_senshuuha-juugatsu-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s117');" ontouchend="turnOff('s117');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s117');"><span class="nw">せんしゅうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">じゅうがつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl117" onclick="showRoman('rl117', 'r117');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl117');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl117');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl117');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r117" style="display:none;">Senshuu wa juu-gatsu deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b117" onclick="showTranslation('b117', 't117');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b117');" ontouchend="turnOff('b117');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b117');">(show translation)</span><span id="t117" style="display:none;">Last week was October.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s118" onclick="playSound('Subjects_suzukisanha-AMERIKAjin-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s118');" ontouchend="turnOff('s118');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s118');"><span class="nw">すずきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl118" onclick="showRoman('rl118', 'r118');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl118');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl118');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl118');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r118" style="display:none;">Suzuki-san wa Amerika-jin deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b118" onclick="showTranslation('b118', 't118');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b118');" ontouchend="turnOff('b118');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b118');">(show translation)</span><span id="t118" style="display:none;">Mr. Suzuki was American.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s119" onclick="playSound('Subjects_sengetsuha-hachigatsu-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s119');" ontouchend="turnOff('s119');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s119');"><span class="nw">せんげつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">はちがつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl119" onclick="showRoman('rl119', 'r119');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl119');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl119');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl119');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r119" style="display:none;">Sengetsu wa hachi-gatsu deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b119" onclick="showTranslation('b119', 't119');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b119');" ontouchend="turnOff('b119');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b119');">(show translation)</span><span id="t119" style="display:none;">Last month was August.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Again, to make questions, it&rsquo;s as simple as tagging <i>ka</i> onto the end of a statement. If you
        were to add <i>ka</i> to the above
        sentences, you would end up with the following questions:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Was yesterday Sunday?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Was last week October?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Was Mr. Suzuki an American?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Was last month August?</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


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<!-- Page 14 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Negative</div>


<p class="bodycopy">You should remember from earlier that the negative of <i>desu</i> is <i>dewa arimasen</i>. It follows, therefore, that to make any of the
        sentences we&rsquo;ve examined so far into negatives, all we need to do is change the
        verb to <i>dewa arimasen</i>. This gives us
        the following sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s120" onclick="playSound('Subjects_kyouha-nichiyoubi-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s120');" ontouchend="turnOff('s120');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s120');"><span class="nw">きょうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にちようび　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl120" onclick="showRoman('rl120', 'r120');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl120');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl120');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl120');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r120" style="display:none;">Kyou wa nichiyoubi dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b120" onclick="showTranslation('b120', 't120');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b120');" ontouchend="turnOff('b120');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b120');">(show translation)</span><span id="t120" style="display:none;">Today is not Sunday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s121" onclick="playSound('Subjects_kugatsuha-fuyu-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s121');" ontouchend="turnOff('s121');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s121');"><span class="nw">くがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ふゆ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl121" onclick="showRoman('rl121', 'r121');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl121');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl121');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl121');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r121" style="display:none;">Kugatsu wa fuyu dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b121" onclick="showTranslation('b121', 't121');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b121');" ontouchend="turnOff('b121');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b121');">(show translation)</span><span id="t121" style="display:none;">September is not winter.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s122" onclick="playSound('Subjects_shichigatsuha-aki-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s122');" ontouchend="turnOff('s122');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s122');"><span class="nw">しちがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl122" onclick="showRoman('rl122', 'r122');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl122');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl122');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl122');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r122" style="display:none;">Shichi-gatsu wa aki dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b122" onclick="showTranslation('b122', 't122');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b122');" ontouchend="turnOff('b122');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b122');">(show translation)</span><span id="t122" style="display:none;">July is not autumn.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s123" onclick="playSound('Subjects_watashiha-JONsan-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s123');" ontouchend="turnOff('s123');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s123');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl123" onclick="showRoman('rl123', 'r123');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl123');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl123');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl123');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r123" style="display:none;">Watashi wa Jon-san dewa arimasen.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b123" onclick="showTranslation('b123', 't123');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b123');" ontouchend="turnOff('b123');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b123');">(show translation)</span><span id="t123" style="display:none;">I am not John.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">By this point, you should be getting used to turning
        statements into questions and changing around the English grammar to reflect
        that. If we were to add <i>ka</i> to these
        sentences and make them questions instead, we would end up with the following.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Is not today Sunday?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Isn&rsquo;t September winter?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Isn&rsquo;t July autumn?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Am I not John?</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that negative questions in English often have a
        peculiar feel to them. When you ask, &ldquo;Isn&rsquo;t today Thursday,&rdquo; the implication is
        that you believe that it <i>is</i>. It works
        exactly the same way in Japanese. Negative questions are asked with an air of
        incredulity, as if the speaker is almost shocked at the possibility.</p>


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<!-- Page 16 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Past negative</div>


<p class="bodycopy">By now, this should feel a bit redundant, because we really
        have already learned this. But as a review, let&rsquo;s look at using <i>wa</i> phrases in past negative
        constructions. You&rsquo;ll recall from our lesson on the copula that the past
        negative (&ldquo;it was not&rdquo;) is <i>dewa arimasen
        deshita</i>. Therefore, to express &ldquo;A was not B,&rdquo; we use the construction A <i>wa</i> B <i>dewa
        arimasen deshita</i>. Here are a few examples of this:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s124" onclick="playSound('Subjects_marikosanha-nihonjin-dehaarimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s124');" ontouchend="turnOff('s124');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s124');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にほんじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl124" onclick="showRoman('rl124', 'r124');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl124');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl124');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl124');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r124" style="display:none;">Mariko-san wa Nihon-jin dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b124" onclick="showTranslation('b124', 't124');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b124');" ontouchend="turnOff('b124');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b124');">(show translation)</span><span id="t124" style="display:none;">Mariko was not Japanese.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s125" onclick="playSound('Subjects_sono-hitoha-AMERIKAjin-dehaarimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s125');" ontouchend="turnOff('s125');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s125');"><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカじん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl125" onclick="showRoman('rl125', 'r125');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl125');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl125');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl125');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r125" style="display:none;">Sono hito wa Amerika-jin dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b125" onclick="showTranslation('b125', 't125');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b125');" ontouchend="turnOff('b125');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b125');">(show translation)</span><span id="t125" style="display:none;">That person was not American.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s126" onclick="playSound('Subjects_rokugatsuha-fuyu-dehaarimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s126');" ontouchend="turnOff('s126');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s126');"><span class="nw">ろくがつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ふゆ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl126" onclick="showRoman('rl126', 'r126');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl126');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl126');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl126');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r126" style="display:none;">Roku-gatsu wa fuyu dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b126" onclick="showTranslation('b126', 't126');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b126');" ontouchend="turnOff('b126');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b126');">(show translation)</span><span id="t126" style="display:none;">June was not winter.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-subjects-290');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s127" onclick="playSound('Subjects_kinouha-mokuyoubi-dehaarimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s127');" ontouchend="turnOff('s127');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s127');"><span class="nw">きのうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">もくようび　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    <div class="example_roman"><span class="example_roman_show" id="rl127" onclick="showRoman('rl127', 'r127');" ontouchstart="turnOn('rl127');" ontouchend="turnOff('rl127');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('rl127');">(show romanization)</span><span id="r127" style="display:none;">Kinou wa mokuyoubi dewa arimasen deshita.</span></div>
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b127" onclick="showTranslation('b127', 't127');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b127');" ontouchend="turnOff('b127');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b127');">(show translation)</span><span id="t127" style="display:none;">Yesterday was not Thursday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">And, again, adding <i>ka</i>
        on the end will turn these into question versions of the same sentences. We&rsquo;d
        end up with:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Was not Mariko Japanese?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Wasn&rsquo;t that person American?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Wasn&rsquo;t June winter?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Wasn&rsquo;t yesterday Thursday?</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>



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<!-- Page 19 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">That wraps up our introduction to <i>wa</i>. As we&rsquo;ve seen, this particle establishes a topic under
        consideration. After setting up the topic, we can then deliver a statement or
        question about that topic. The form of these sentences is always <i>A wa B desu</i> 
        or <i>A wa B desu ka?</i> plus the variations that are possible by using the
        other forms of <i>desu</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The immediate effect of this particle on our language
        abilities is that we now are able to indicate the subject of sentences, whereas
        previously we had to depend on context to supply that information. </p>

<p class="bodycopy">We learned that, technically,
        <i>wa</i> is a topic marker, not a subject
        marker, and that distinction will become clear later. For now, however, you
        can temporarily think of it as way to mark subjects, 
        bearing in mind that we will be expanding and refining this understanding later.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Learning about <i>wa</i> is a milestone in every Japanese student&rsquo;s life. 
Big new things are on your horizon! As always, take a deep breath and quiz yourself before moving on.</p>

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