112     2256    2368    9802    12170   9081    21251   6921    28172   7168    35340   3665    39005   2317    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 28</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Postpositional Phrases</div>
        <div class="blurb">A few lessons ago, we learned about the possessive, <i>no</i>. Now that we&rsquo;ve become familiar with
    how <i>no</i> works, we&rsquo;re ready to do some
    really cool things with it. Now we can start describing relationships between
    objects in our sentences. For instance, we can say &ldquo;on top of the refrigerator&rdquo;
    or &ldquo;inside of the car&rdquo; or &ldquo;to the right of the house.&rdquo;</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">Did you ever notice that these phrases use the possessive in
    English? Take another look and you&rsquo;ll notice that, sure enough, the word &ldquo;of&rdquo;
    is right there, staring you in the face. Can you guess what the sentence
    structure will look like in Japanese?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Instead of &ldquo;on top of the refrigerator,&rdquo; it will be &ldquo;on the
    refrigerator&rsquo;s top.&rdquo; &ldquo;Inside of the car&rdquo; will turn to &ldquo;the car&rsquo;s inside.&rdquo; And
    &ldquo;the right of the house&rdquo; will become &ldquo;the house&rsquo;s right.&rdquo; To create these
    phrases in Japanese, just remember that you always have to find a way to
    express it in the &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; construction. Now let&rsquo;s learn some of that
    vocab.</p>


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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 2</title>

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        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v413_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v413_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v413_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v413_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_ue');"><span class="nw">うえ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">top / above</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v414_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v414_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v414_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v414_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_shita');"><span class="nw">した</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">bottom / below</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v415_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v415_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v415_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v415_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_migi');"><span class="nw">みぎ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">right</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v416_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v416_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v416_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v416_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_hidari');"><span class="nw">ひだり</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">left</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v417_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v417_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v417_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v417_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_gawa');"><span class="nw">～がわ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">-side</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v418_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v418_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v418_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v418_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_migigawa');"><span class="nw">みぎがわ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">the right side</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v419_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v419_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v419_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v419_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_hidarigawa');"><span class="nw">ひだりがわ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">the left side</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v420_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v420_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v420_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v420_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_naka');"><span class="nw">なか</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">middle / inside</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v421_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v421_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v421_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v421_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_soto');"><span class="nw">そと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">outside</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v422_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v422_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v422_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v422_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_mae');"><span class="nw">まえ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">front / before</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v423_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v423_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v423_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v423_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_ushiro');"><span class="nw">うしろ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">back</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v424_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v424_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v424_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v424_col1');" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_ato');"><span class="nw">あと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">after</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">With this list of words under our belt, we&rsquo;re now ready to
        take on the world. Let&rsquo;s dive right in by looking at a few example sentences.</p>


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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 3</title>

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        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s365" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_reizoukono-ue');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s365');" ontouchend="turnOff('s365');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s365');"><span class="nw">れいぞうこの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うえ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b365" onclick="showTranslation('b365', 't365');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b365');" ontouchend="turnOff('b365');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b365');">(show translation)</span><span id="t365" style="display:none;">The refrigerator&rsquo;s top = the top of the refrigerator</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s366" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_kurumano-naka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s366');" ontouchend="turnOff('s366');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s366');"><span class="nw">くるまの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なか</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b366" onclick="showTranslation('b366', 't366');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b366');" ontouchend="turnOff('b366');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b366');">(show translation)</span><span id="t366" style="display:none;">The car&rsquo;s inside = the inside of the car</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s367" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_ieno-migi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s367');" ontouchend="turnOff('s367');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s367');"><span class="nw">いえの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みぎ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b367" onclick="showTranslation('b367', 't367');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b367');" ontouchend="turnOff('b367');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b367');">(show translation)</span><span id="t367" style="display:none;">The house&rsquo;s right = the right of the house</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s368" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_senseino-mae');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s368');" ontouchend="turnOff('s368');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s368');"><span class="nw">せんせいの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まえ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b368" onclick="showTranslation('b368', 't368');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b368');" ontouchend="turnOff('b368');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b368');">(show translation)</span><span id="t368" style="display:none;">The teacher&rsquo;s front = in front of the teacher</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s369" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_tsukueno-ue');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s369');" ontouchend="turnOff('s369');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s369');"><span class="nw">つくえの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うえ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b369" onclick="showTranslation('b369', 't369');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b369');" ontouchend="turnOff('b369');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b369');">(show translation)</span><span id="t369" style="display:none;">The desk&rsquo;s top = the top of the desk</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s370" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_kokubanno-ushiro');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s370');" ontouchend="turnOff('s370');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s370');"><span class="nw">こくばんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うしろ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b370" onclick="showTranslation('b370', 't370');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b370');" ontouchend="turnOff('b370');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b370');">(show translation)</span><span id="t370" style="display:none;">The blackboard&rsquo;s back = the back of the blackboard</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s371" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_gakkouno-ato');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s371');" ontouchend="turnOff('s371');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s371');"><span class="nw">がっこうの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あと</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b371" onclick="showTranslation('b371', 't371');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b371');" ontouchend="turnOff('b371');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b371');">(show translation)</span><span id="t371" style="display:none;">The school&rsquo;s afterward = after school</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice in each example that we are using the possessive <i>no</i> to link the two words, and that the
        order is opposite of English. The reason that the order is opposite is that in
        English we typically use the possessive &ldquo;of&rdquo; to link up these kinds of words,
        and it works in the opposite way from <i>no</i>.</p>


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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now, these phrases are great, but it would be better if we
        could create some full sentences. A few lessons ago, we were creating sentences
        like the following:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s372" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_nekoga-niwani-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s372');" ontouchend="turnOff('s372');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s372');"><span class="nw">ねこが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にわに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b372" onclick="showTranslation('b372', 't372');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b372');" ontouchend="turnOff('b372');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b372');">(show translation)</span><span id="t372" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a cat in the garden.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Now, taking the exact same structure, let&rsquo;s substitute &ldquo;on
        top of the fridge&rdquo; for &ldquo;in the garden.&rdquo; We come up with:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s373" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_nekoga-reizoukono-ueni-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s373');" ontouchend="turnOff('s373');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s373');"><span class="nw">ねこが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">れいぞうこの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b373" onclick="showTranslation('b373', 't373');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b373');" ontouchend="turnOff('b373');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b373');">(show translation)</span><span id="t373" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a cat on top of the fridge.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">As before, mark location phrases with <i>ni</i>. In this case, the location phrase is <i>reizouko no ue</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at a few more examples. Pay close attention to
        both the <i>no</i> construction and the
        placement of the <i>ni</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s374" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_BEDDOno-ueni-honga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s374');" ontouchend="turnOff('s374');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s374');"><span class="nw">ベッドの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b374" onclick="showTranslation('b374', 't374');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b374');" ontouchend="turnOff('b374');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b374');">(show translation)</span><span id="t374" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a book on top of the bed.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s375" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_inuga-TE-BURUno-shitani-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s375');" ontouchend="turnOff('s375');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s375');"><span class="nw">いぬが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">テーブルの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">したに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b375" onclick="showTranslation('b375', 't375');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b375');" ontouchend="turnOff('b375');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b375');">(show translation)</span><span id="t375" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a dog under the table.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">As before, you can always break apart a sentence at the
        major particles if you need help. Performing surgery on the first example, we
        get <i>beddo no ue ni</i> / <i>hon ga</i> / <i>arimasu</i>. If you ever have difficulty with a Japanese sentence, just
        start with the verb and add units in one by one:</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Arimasu</i>. There is (something). <i>Hon
        ga arimasu</i>. There is a book. <i>Beddo no
        ue ni hon ga arimasu</i>. There is a book on top of the bed.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Try a few more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s376" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_marikosanha-miseno-nakani-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s376');" ontouchend="turnOff('s376');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s376');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みせの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なかに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b376" onclick="showTranslation('b376', 't376');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b376');" ontouchend="turnOff('b376');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b376');">(show translation)</span><span id="t376" style="display:none;">Mariko is inside of the store.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s377" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_toriga-kawano-ueni-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s377');" ontouchend="turnOff('s377');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s377');"><span class="nw">とりが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かわの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b377" onclick="showTranslation('b377', 't377');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b377');" ontouchend="turnOff('b377');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b377');">(show translation)</span><span id="t377" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a bird above the river.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s378" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_sakanaga-kawano-nakani-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s378');" ontouchend="turnOff('s378');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s378');"><span class="nw">さかなが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かわの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なかに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b378" onclick="showTranslation('b378', 't378');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b378');" ontouchend="turnOff('b378');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b378');">(show translation)</span><span id="t378" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a fish inside the river.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-postpositional-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s379" onclick="playSound('PostPositional_honga-tsukueno-hidarini-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s379');" ontouchend="turnOff('s379');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s379');"><span class="nw">ほんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">つくえの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひだりに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b379" onclick="showTranslation('b379', 't379');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b379');" ontouchend="turnOff('b379');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b379');">(show translation)</span><span id="t379" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a book to the left of the desk.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">As a brief aside, perhaps you noticed in this set of

examples that I marked the subject Mariko with <i>wa</i>, not <i>ga</i>. 
We saw that we could sometimes do this when we first learned the <i>X ga arimasu / imasu</i> pattern, 
but let&rsquo;s review it again just to be sure we&rsquo;re on the same page.
</p>


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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">It would be okay to mark Mariko with<i> ga</i>. 
        However, I mentioned before that <i>wa</i> expects that the listener is familiar
        with the thing it marks, whereas <i>ga</i>
        tends to be used to introduce something new.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, we usually mark things that we think the listener
        is unfamiliar with by using &ldquo;a&rdquo; or &ldquo;an.&rdquo; When I say, &ldquo;There is <i>a</i> <i>book</i> to the right of
        the desk,&rdquo; I expect that news of this book is fresh information for you. You don&rsquo;t know about
        the book. I&rsquo;m introducing you to its existence. I expect you to think, &ldquo;Oh, there&rsquo;s a book? Cool.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">On the other hand, when we expect that the listener already
        knows about something, we mark it with the word &ldquo;the.&rdquo; So if I were to say, &ldquo;The book is on the table,&rdquo;
        I expect you to think, &ldquo;Okay, I know which book you are speaking of. I&rsquo;m tracking you there. 
        Ah, you say it&rsquo;s <i>on the table?</i> Great.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In the case of proper names, in English we generally can&rsquo;t just name someone 
if we don&rsquo;t expect that they are already known to the listener. If, out of the blue, I say to you &ldquo;Julie is in the kitchen,&rdquo;
you will probably say &ldquo;Who&rsquo;s Julie?&rdquo; We know this intuitively and usually introduce people in stories first. So we might say
&ldquo;A woman named Julie is here,&rdquo; and then later we can say &ldquo;Julie is in the kitchen.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In Japanese, when we expect that the subject of a sentence is 
already known to the listener and are only mentioning it for the purpose of going on to say something about it,
we usually use <i>wa</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">This jives well with our translation of <i>wa</i> as &ldquo;as for.&rdquo; <i>Mariko-san wa
        mise no naka ni imasu</i> feels like &ldquo;As for Mariko...she is inside the store.&rdquo;
        The speaker assumes we know about Mariko. In fact, <i>wa</i> can only ever mark topics that the listener is familiar with.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Therefore, the <i><strong>X ga</strong> Y ni arimasu / imasu</i> pattern is going to feel 
a little more like &ldquo;There is an X at location Y,&rdquo; 
whereas something like <i><strong>X wa</strong>...Y ni arimasu</i> feels more like 
&ldquo;As for X (the one we both know about), it is at location Y.&rdquo;</p> 

<p class="bodycopy">We are almost ready to introduce <i>ga</i> properly. 
        In the meantime, notice that while <i>wa</i> and <i>ga</i> seem to fill the same
        grammatical slot in sentences, they often expect different things about the
        listener&rsquo;s familiarity with the thing they mark.</p>


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    <title>Post-Positional Phrases 7</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson we learned how to put together phrases that
        describe something&rsquo;s location relative to something else. The construction is
        formed by using the possessive, and the general pattern is <i>&lt;object&gt; no &lt;relationship&gt; ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For example, &ldquo;on top of the refrigerator&rdquo; becomes &ldquo;on [the refrigerator&rsquo;s top],&rdquo; or 
<i>[reizouko no ue] ni</i>. &ldquo;Inside the car&rdquo; becomes &ldquo;in [the car&rsquo;s inside],&rdquo; or <i>[kuruma no naka] ni</i>, and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For now, we&rsquo;re using these phrases to indicate where something is, 
using <i>arimasu</i> / <i>imasu</i>. In a future chapter, we&rsquo;ll learn how to use these phrases
with more active verbs.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Making sense so far? Put your understanding to the test with my friendly reviews below.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next lesson, we&rsquo;ll learn lots of new verbs, 
plus a couple easy tricks for building longer and more complex sentences.</p>

    
          
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