112     2972    3084    7221    10305   6705    17010   7409    24419   7875    32294   6303    38597   2303    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>The Possessive and No 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 20</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">The Possessive</div>
        <div class="blurb">One of the main purposes of grammar is to provide a sort of
        glue that lets you stick words together and show how they relate to one
        another. One of the most basic relationships we need to express in any language
        is that of possession.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">In Japanese, this is done with the particle <i>no</i>.
        It lets you say things like &ldquo;That&rsquo;s <b>my dog</b>&rdquo;
        or &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s go to <b>Jennifer&rsquo;s house</b>&rdquo; or &ldquo;He is the
        principal <b>of the school</b>.&rdquo; As you&rsquo;ll
        soon see, it is an extremely vital particle.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, we have two ways of showing possession. We can
        use the &ldquo;apostrophe s,&rdquo; or we can use the word &ldquo;of.&rdquo; For example, the
        &ldquo;Jennifer&rsquo;s house&rdquo; example above shows possession with an &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo;
        construction. In English, we can also use the word &ldquo;of,&rdquo; as in &ldquo;The King of
        Egypt.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Notice that these two methods work in exactly opposite ways.
        In the &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; construction, the owner goes first and the &ldquo;ownee&rdquo; follows.
        So in the phrase &ldquo;Jennifer&rsquo;s house,&rdquo; Jennifer is the owner and the house is the
        owned.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">However, in the &ldquo;of&rdquo; construction, the thing that&rsquo;s being
        possessed goes first, and the owner follows. If we wanted to put &ldquo;Jennifer&rsquo;s
        house&rdquo; into the &ldquo;of&rdquo; construction, we would say, &ldquo;the house of Jennifer.&rdquo; The
        owner comes last. In the example &ldquo;the King of Egypt,&rdquo; the owner is actually Egypt,
        not the King. If we wanted to put this phrase into the other construction, we&rsquo;d
        have to turn the word order around. It would become &ldquo;Egypt&rsquo;s King.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>The Possessive and No 2</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">The reason I&rsquo;ve gone into all this English is to get you
        thinking about how word order is important in possessive constructions. We easily
        flip back and forth between the two constructions because we have been using
        them for so long, so perhaps you haven&rsquo;t noticed that they are opposites.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">This is important because Japanese only has one possessive,
        the particle <i>no</i>. This particle works
        exactly like the &ldquo;apostrophe s.&rdquo; You always have to put the owner first, tagged
        with a <i>no</i>, then the possessed object.
        So in order to say &ldquo;Jennifer&rsquo;s house,&rdquo; you say <i>Jennifer no ie</i>. 
        You can imagine that the <i>no</i> morphs into an &ldquo;apostrophe s.&rdquo; Here are a few examples.</p>

<!-- No -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s191" onclick="playSound('Possessive_senseino-tomodachi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s191');" ontouchend="turnOff('s191');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s191');"><span class="nw">せんせいの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ともだち</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b191" onclick="showTranslation('b191', 't191');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b191');" ontouchend="turnOff('b191');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b191');">(show translation)</span><span id="t191" style="display:none;">The teacher&rsquo;s friend</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s192" onclick="playSound('Possessive_gakkouno-sensei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s192');" ontouchend="turnOff('s192');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s192');"><span class="nw">がっこうの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b192" onclick="showTranslation('b192', 't192');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b192');" ontouchend="turnOff('b192');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b192');">(show translation)</span><span id="t192" style="display:none;">The school&rsquo;s teacher</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s193" onclick="playSound('Possessive_suzukisanno-ie');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s193');" ontouchend="turnOff('s193');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s193');"><span class="nw">すずきさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いえ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b193" onclick="showTranslation('b193', 't193');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b193');" ontouchend="turnOff('b193');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b193');">(show translation)</span><span id="t193" style="display:none;">Miss Suzuki&rsquo;s house</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s194" onclick="playSound('Possessive_watashino-neko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s194');" ontouchend="turnOff('s194');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s194');"><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b194" onclick="showTranslation('b194', 't194');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b194');" ontouchend="turnOff('b194');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b194');">(show translation)</span><span id="t194" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;s cat = My cat</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s195" onclick="playSound('Possessive_anatano-enpitsu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s195');" ontouchend="turnOff('s195');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s195');"><span class="nw">あなたの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えんぴつ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b195" onclick="showTranslation('b195', 't195');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b195');" ontouchend="turnOff('b195');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b195');">(show translation)</span><span id="t195" style="display:none;">You&rsquo;s pencil = your pencil</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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    <title>The Possessive and No 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">To understand these examples, just turn the particle <i>no</i> into an &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; and you&rsquo;re
        there. But what about the bottom two examples? English treats &ldquo;you&rdquo; or &ldquo;I&rdquo;
        specially when they are owners. They get the special words &ldquo;my&rdquo; and &ldquo;your.&rdquo; Japanese
        treats them the same as anyone else. &ldquo;My&rdquo; is just <i>watashi no</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at a few more examples, this time complete
        sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s196" onclick="playSound('Possessive_soreha-watashino-enpitsu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s196');" ontouchend="turnOff('s196');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s196');"><span class="nw">それは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えんぴつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b196" onclick="showTranslation('b196', 't196');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b196');" ontouchend="turnOff('b196');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b196');">(show translation)</span><span id="t196" style="display:none;">That is my pencil.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s197" onclick="playSound('Possessive_areha-anatano-hon-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s197');" ontouchend="turnOff('s197');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s197');"><span class="nw">あれは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あなたの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b197" onclick="showTranslation('b197', 't197');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b197');" ontouchend="turnOff('b197');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b197');">(show translation)</span><span id="t197" style="display:none;">Is that your book?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s198" onclick="playSound('Possessive_koreha-marikosanno-PEN-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s198');" ontouchend="turnOff('s198');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s198');"><span class="nw">これは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まりこさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ペン　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b198" onclick="showTranslation('b198', 't198');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b198');" ontouchend="turnOff('b198');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b198');">(show translation)</span><span id="t198" style="display:none;">Is this Mariko&rsquo;s pen?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s199" onclick="playSound('Possessive_nozakisanha-watashino-sensei-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s199');" ontouchend="turnOff('s199');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s199');"><span class="nw">のざきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b199" onclick="showTranslation('b199', 't199');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b199');" ontouchend="turnOff('b199');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b199');">(show translation)</span><span id="t199" style="display:none;">Mr. Nozaki was my teacher.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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    <title>The Possessive and No 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s look at a few examples that would probably sound
        better in English by reversing the order, using &ldquo;of.&rdquo; The Japanese grammar, of
        course, remains exactly the same.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s200" onclick="playSound('Possessive_SONI-no-suzukisan');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s200');" ontouchend="turnOff('s200');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s200');"><span class="nw">ソニーの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すずきさん</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b200" onclick="showTranslation('b200', 't200');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b200');" ontouchend="turnOff('b200');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b200');">(show translation)</span><span id="t200" style="display:none;">Sony&rsquo;s Miss Suzuki = Miss Suzuki, of Sony</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s201" onclick="playSound('Possessive_AMERIKAno-OREGON');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s201');" ontouchend="turnOff('s201');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s201');"><span class="nw">アメリカの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">オレゴン</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b201" onclick="showTranslation('b201', 't201');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b201');" ontouchend="turnOff('b201');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b201');">(show translation)</span><span id="t201" style="display:none;">America&rsquo;s Oregon = Oregon, of (in) America</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s202" onclick="playSound('Possessive_nihonno-honda');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s202');" ontouchend="turnOff('s202');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s202');"><span class="nw">にほんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんだ</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b202" onclick="showTranslation('b202', 't202');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b202');" ontouchend="turnOff('b202');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b202');">(show translation)</span><span id="t202" style="display:none;">Japan&rsquo;s Honda = Honda of Japan</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s203" onclick="playSound('Possessive_chirino-sensei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s203');" ontouchend="turnOff('s203');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s203');"><span class="nw">ちりの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b203" onclick="showTranslation('b203', 't203');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b203');" ontouchend="turnOff('b203');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b203');">(show translation)</span><span id="t203" style="display:none;">A geography&rsquo;s teacher = A teacher of geography</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s204" onclick="playSound('Possessive_nozakisanha-watashino-chirino-sensei-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s204');" ontouchend="turnOff('s204');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s204');"><span class="nw">のざきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ちりの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b204" onclick="showTranslation('b204', 't204');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b204');" ontouchend="turnOff('b204');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b204');">(show translation)</span><span id="t204" style="display:none;">Mr. Nozaki was my teacher of geography (my geography teacher).</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">I&rsquo;ve translated these phrases first using our old
        &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; technique. Then I used &ldquo;of&rdquo; to make them sound more natural in
        English. They say the exact same thing, however. The Japanese doesn&rsquo;t ever
        change like the English can. Japanese <b>always</b>
        uses the <i>no</i> construction.</p>


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    <title>The Possessive and No 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy"><i>No</i> is really
        handy. You can string as many nouns together as you like. For example, to say
        &ldquo;Seattle, of Washington, of America, of the Earth,&rdquo; we simply start
        with the biggest owner and work our way down.
        You can imagine it as starting at a really wide angle and zooming in a little
        at every <i>no</i>. (&ldquo;Earth&rdquo; is <i>chikyuu</i>.)</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s205" onclick="playSound('Possessive_chikyuuno-AMERIKAno-WASHINTONno-SHIATORU');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s205');" ontouchend="turnOff('s205');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s205');"><span class="nw">ちきゅうの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ワシントンの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">シアトル</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b205" onclick="showTranslation('b205', 't205');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b205');" ontouchend="turnOff('b205');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b205');">(show translation)</span><span id="t205" style="display:none;">Seattle, of Washington, of America, of Earth</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">To express this using the &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; technique, we end
        up with &ldquo;The Earth&rsquo;s America&rsquo;s Washington&rsquo;s Seattle.&rdquo;
        Our English composition teachers
        would never let us get away with this, but it&rsquo;s perfectly legitimate in
        Japanese.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>No</i> can
        occasionally work to simply join two nouns together without showing obvious possession.
        To see this, learn the words below:</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v331_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v331_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v331_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v331_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_otoko');"><span class="nw">おとこ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">male</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v332_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v332_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v332_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v332_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_onna');"><span class="nw">おんな</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">female</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v333_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v333_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v333_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v333_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_hito');"><span class="nw">ひと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">person</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v334_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v334_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v334_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v334_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_ko');"><span class="nw">こ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">child</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v335_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v335_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v335_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v335_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_onna-no-hito');"><span class="nw">おんなの　</span> <span class="nw">ひと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">woman</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v336_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v336_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v336_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v336_col1');" onclick="playSound('Possessive_otoko-no-ko');"><span class="nw">おとこの　</span> <span class="nw">こ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">boy</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>The Possessive and No 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">The word for &ldquo;a man&rdquo; is &ldquo;a male person,&rdquo;
        or <i>otoko no hito</i>. Similarly, &ldquo;a
        woman&rdquo; is an <i>onna no hito</i>. You
        can also make the words for &ldquo;boy&rdquo; and &ldquo;girl&rdquo; by using 
        <i>ko</i>, &ldquo;child,&rdquo; instead of <i>hito</i>. 
        Therefore, &ldquo;boy&rdquo; is <i>otoko no ko</i>, and &ldquo;girl&rdquo; is <i>onna no ko</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You can understand this as the first noun being a category
        of which the second noun is a member. So, for example, <i>onna no hito</i>
        means something like &ldquo;a person of the category &rsquo;female.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s206" onclick="playSound('Possessive_marikosanha-onnano-hito-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s206');" ontouchend="turnOff('s206');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s206');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おんなの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b206" onclick="showTranslation('b206', 't206');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b206');" ontouchend="turnOff('b206');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b206');">(show translation)</span><span id="t206" style="display:none;">Mariko is a woman.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s207" onclick="playSound('Possessive_tarousanha-otokono-ko-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s207');" ontouchend="turnOff('s207');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s207');"><span class="nw">たろうさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おとこの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">こ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b207" onclick="showTranslation('b207', 't207');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b207');" ontouchend="turnOff('b207');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b207');">(show translation)</span><span id="t207" style="display:none;">Tarou is a boy.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-possessive-171');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s208" onclick="playSound('Possessive_nozakisanno-tomodachiha,-otokono-hito-desuka-onnano-hito-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s208');" ontouchend="turnOff('s208');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s208');"><span class="nw">のざきさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ともだちは、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おとこの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おんなの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b208" onclick="showTranslation('b208', 't208');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b208');" ontouchend="turnOff('b208');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b208');">(show translation)</span><span id="t208" style="display:none;">Is Mr. Nozaki&rsquo;s friend a man? Is (he/she) a woman? = Is Mr. Nozaki&rsquo;s friend a man or a woman?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Incidentally, this last sentence illustrates a standard way
        of offering two possibilities, of which the listener is expected to pick one.
        Instead of using a word like &ldquo;or&rdquo; as we do in English, the two possibilities
        are simply strung together as two separate sentences spoken in quick succession.</p>


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    <title>The Possessive and No 7</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned one of the most important &ldquo;glue&rdquo;
        particles, <i>no</i>. We learned that <i>no</i> always shows
        possession in the order &ldquo;owner <i>no</i> ownee,&rdquo; exactly like
        the &ldquo;apostrophe s&rdquo; construction in English. 
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We noted that this order is the opposite of the word &ldquo;of&rdquo; in English, which puts the owner second.
That means that something like &ldquo;the house of Suzuki&rdquo; must be flipped around in Japanese to become
<i>Suzuki-san no ie</i> instead.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
Finally, we also observed cases where the owner in a <i>no</i> phrase can be an abstract thing like a category.
For example, the word for woman, <i>onna no hito</i>, is literally something like &ldquo;a person of the category &rsquo;female.&rsquo;&rdquo;
We saw that the words for &ldquo;man,&rdquo; &ldquo;boy,&rdquo; and &ldquo;girl&rdquo; work similarly.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Making sense so far? Great! Prove it by breezing through my friendly quiz below.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll be adding verbs to our language repertoire. Buckle up! Things are about to get interesting.</p>
    
          
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