224     5706    5930    4892    10822   2360    13182   2976    16158   8233    24391   5713    30104   3114    33218   7728    40946   5307    46253   5352    51605   9331    60936   5004    65940   5266    71206   3116    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Interrogatives 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 30</div>
        <div class="chapter_name"><i>Ga</i> and Interrogatives</div>
        <div class="blurb">We&rsquo;ve learned two ways of asking questions so far. The first
        way is to take an ordinary statement and add <i>ka</i>, making it into a yes or no question, asking if that statement
        is true. The question <i>Raamen desu ka?</i>
        is essentially asking whether the statement <i>Raamen
        desu</i> is true.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">The second way is with interrogatives, or question-asking
        words. We&rsquo;ve learned a few so far, connected with the KSAD sets, such as <i>dore</i>, <i>doko</i>, and <i>dochira</i>. These
        words allow us to ask more open-ended questions, like the following:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s423" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_toukyouha-doko-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s423');" ontouchend="turnOff('s423');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s423');"><span class="nw">とうきょうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b423" onclick="showTranslation('b423', 't423');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b423');" ontouchend="turnOff('b423');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b423');">(show translation)</span><span id="t423" style="display:none;">Where is Tokyo?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s424" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_dono-enpitsu-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s424');" ontouchend="turnOff('s424');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s424');"><span class="nw">どの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えんぴつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b424" onclick="showTranslation('b424', 't424');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b424');" ontouchend="turnOff('b424');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b424');">(show translation)</span><span id="t424" style="display:none;">Which pencil is it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we will be learning several other important
        interrogatives, plus a new way of weaving them into our sentences. The
        new grammar will be illustrated best by a single new word.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v440_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v440_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v440_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v440_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_dare');"><span class="nw">だれ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">who?</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s take a look at some example sentences using our new
        vocabulary.</p>

<!-- Ga -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s425" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_dare-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s425');" ontouchend="turnOff('s425');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s425');"><span class="nw">だれ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b425" onclick="showTranslation('b425', 't425');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b425');" ontouchend="turnOff('b425');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b425');">(show translation)</span><span id="t425" style="display:none;">Who is it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s426" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_senseiha-dare-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s426');" ontouchend="turnOff('s426');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s426');"><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">だれ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b426" onclick="showTranslation('b426', 't426');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b426');" ontouchend="turnOff('b426');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b426');">(show translation)</span><span id="t426" style="display:none;">As for the teacher, who is it? = Who is the teacher?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">These examples should be straightforward. They follow the
        same pattern as everything else we&rsquo;ve seen so far. But there is one kind of
        question that we cannot ask using this structure. For example, consider these
        questions:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Who went to the store?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Which flavor won Ice Cream of the Year?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">What made that howling sound just now?</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">In each of these cases, the interrogative is in the position
        of the subject in the sentence. We&rsquo;ve been marking our subjects with <i>wa</i>, so you
        might think the first sentence could easily be translated as 
        <i>Dare wa mise ni ikimashita ka?</i></p>

<p class="bodycopy">However, <i>wa</i> is a
        topic marker. It sets up a <i>known topic</i>
        for discussion. The question word <i>dare</i>
        represents an <i>unknown person</i>, so it
        is a contradiction to mark it with <i>wa</i>.
        To create this sentence properly, we need a new particle.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The particle <i>ga</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ga</i> has cropped up
        a few times so far, but I&rsquo;ve never given you a proper explanation for it. Well,
        here it is: <i>ga</i> is a subject marker.
        It tags the subject of a sentence, plain and simple. Up until now, we have used
        <i>wa</i> as a sort of pseudo-subject
        marker. Recall that <i>wa</i> is actually a
        topic marker, which is why we use the phrase &ldquo;as for...&rdquo; to translate it.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You might wonder, if we have a pure subject marker, why use <i>wa</i> at all? Why not use <i>ga</i> all the time? If we want to say, &ldquo;The
        teacher read the book,&rdquo; why not just say <i>Sensei
        <b>ga</b> hon wo yomimashita</i>? Why even
        bother with this strange concept of a topic marker?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The answer is that while <i>ga</i>
        is indeed a subject marker, it&rsquo;s also an attention hog. The emphasis of the
        sentence is magnetically drawn to whatever <i>ga</i>
        marks. So if we were to say <i>Sensei <b>ga</b> hon wo yomimashita</i> (which is a
        valid sentence), the feel would be, &ldquo;The <b>teacher</b>
        read the book (not someone else).&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The interesting thing is that this is exactly the opposite
        of what happens with <i>wa</i>. This is
        apparent from our &ldquo;as for&rdquo; translation.</p>


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        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">As for the teacher...</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Say that phrase out loud and really feel the implications.
        Where does it sound like the crucial information is going to be? It&rsquo;s coming next! 

        A <i>wa</i> phrase practically only mentions the topic in passing. It assumes 
        we are already familiar with that topic. 

        What it really wants to do is tell us something <em>about</em> it. 
        <i>Sensei wa</i> feels like, &ldquo;Okay, you guys know about the teacher, right? Well, check <em>this</em> out....&rdquo;

        After the <i>wa</i> phrase, the listeners are holding their breaths in rapt
        attention.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The particle <i>ga</i>
        does precisely the reverse. Whatever is marked with <i>ga</i> is the center of the universe for that sentence.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">This tells us why we haven&rsquo;t used <i>ga</i> much up until now. Most of the time, the subject is important,
        but not <i>that</i> important. When we say,
        &ldquo;The dog ate my homework,&rdquo; the most important part of the sentence is not &ldquo;the
        dog&rdquo; but the fact that it &ldquo;<i>ate my homework</i>.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">However, there is one kind of sentence where this kind of
        emphasis makes sense: questions that want to know things like <i>Who</i> ate my ice cream? or
        <i>What</i> tracked mud all over the carpet?
        We already know that <i>someone</i> or <i>something</i> did these things. The predicate is mostly there 
        as a sort of grammatical courtesy. The important part is <i>who</i> or <i>what</i> did them.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Therefore, when an interrogative word appears as the subject
        of a sentence, it is always marked with <i>ga</i>.</p>


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    <title>Interrogatives 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try some examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s427" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_darega-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s427');" ontouchend="turnOff('s427');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s427');"><span class="nw">だれが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b427" onclick="showTranslation('b427', 't427');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b427');" ontouchend="turnOff('b427');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b427');">(show translation)</span><span id="t427" style="display:none;">Who went?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s428" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_darega-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s428');" ontouchend="turnOff('s428');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s428');"><span class="nw">だれが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b428" onclick="showTranslation('b428', 't428');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b428');" ontouchend="turnOff('b428');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b428');">(show translation)</span><span id="t428" style="display:none;">Who is there?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s429" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_darega-watashino-AISUKURI-MUwo-tabemashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s429');" ontouchend="turnOff('s429');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s429');"><span class="nw">だれが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アイスクリームを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b429" onclick="showTranslation('b429', 't429');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b429');" ontouchend="turnOff('b429');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b429');">(show translation)</span><span id="t429" style="display:none;">Who ate my ice cream?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">The answers to these questions will also have the subjects
        marked with <i>ga</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s430" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_marikosanga-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s430');" ontouchend="turnOff('s430');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s430');"><span class="nw">まりこさんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b430" onclick="showTranslation('b430', 't430');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b430');" ontouchend="turnOff('b430');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b430');">(show translation)</span><span id="t430" style="display:none;">Mariko went.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s431" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_JONsanga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s431');" ontouchend="turnOff('s431');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s431');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b431" onclick="showTranslation('b431', 't431');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b431');" ontouchend="turnOff('b431');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b431');">(show translation)</span><span id="t431" style="display:none;">John is there.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s432" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_watashiga-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s432');" ontouchend="turnOff('s432');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s432');"><span class="nw">わたしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b432" onclick="showTranslation('b432', 't432');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b432');" ontouchend="turnOff('b432');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b432');">(show translation)</span><span id="t432" style="display:none;">I ate it.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">The reason that the subjects are marked with <i>ga</i> and not <i>wa</i> here is because in these sentences, the subject actually <i>is</i> the most important part of the
        sentence. In fact, it is the <i>only</i>
        important part of the sentence, because it contains the answer to the question.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You can wrap your head around this by considering the
        emphasis in the English translations:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Who</i> went?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Mariko</i> went.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Who</i> is there?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>John</i> is there.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Who</i> ate my ice cream?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>I</i> ate your ice cream.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">In fact, in English, the rest of the sentence is of such
        little importance that we often abbreviate it or cut it off entirely, as in the
        following:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Who</i> ate my ice cream?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>I</i> did.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Who</i> went?</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><i>Mariko</i>.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>



<p class="bodycopy">This can happen in Japanese (in conversation only) by simply
        ending after the <i>ga</i>:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s433" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_watashiga');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s433');" ontouchend="turnOff('s433');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s433');"><span class="nw">わたしが。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b433" onclick="showTranslation('b433', 't433');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b433');" ontouchend="turnOff('b433');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b433');">(show translation)</span><span id="t433" style="display:none;">I (do/did/am/etc).</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s434" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_marikosanga');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s434');" ontouchend="turnOff('s434');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s434');"><span class="nw">まりこさんが。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b434" onclick="showTranslation('b434', 't434');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b434');" ontouchend="turnOff('b434');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b434');">(show translation)</span><span id="t434" style="display:none;">Mariko (does/did/is/etc).</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">This also helps drive home the difference between <i>wa</i> and <i>ga</i>.
        You could never end a sentence after <i>wa</i>.
        It would be like starting a topic, like, &ldquo;Hey, regarding that
        movie...&rdquo; and then walking away. The listener is left waiting for what will
        follow. In contrast, with <i>ga</i>, you say, &ldquo;Hey, <em>what I just said</em>
        (was the information you were looking for).&rdquo;</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">If you&rsquo;re wondering how this relates to sentences like <i>Sushi ga suki desu ka?</i>,
let me briefly say that <i>ga</i> has other roles besides being an attention hog. 
There are some patterns that it usually appears in as a matter of course, and no special emphasis is meant in these.
I call these &ldquo;formulaic <i>ga</i> recipes.&rdquo;
Another one is the pattern for describing appearances, such as <i>Mariko-san wa ashi ga nagai,</i> which we&rsquo;ll be 
learning about in the &ldquo;Body and Health&rdquo; chapter. 
In such formulaic patterns, <i>ga</i> is still the subject marker, but it&rsquo;s only working according to a prescribed pattern.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Incidentally, perhaps you&rsquo;re wondering how &ldquo;sushi&rdquo; can be the subject in 
the sentence <i>Sushi ga suki desu</i>. When we translate this as &ldquo;I like sushi,&rdquo; the subject is &ldquo;I,&rdquo; and it 
performs the action of &ldquo;liking&rdquo; sushi. This is a valid translation, because it&rsquo;s how we convey the same sentiment in English.
However, the Japanese sentence is actually structured &ldquo;Sushi is likeable (for me).&rdquo;
Therefore, this sentence isn&rsquo;t breaking the rules. &ldquo;Sushi&rdquo; really is the subject.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
So <i>ga</i> doesn&rsquo;t necessarily mean emphasis. 
Where the emphasis concept really gets going is when something that under other conditions might be a <i>wa</i> 
phrase turns into a <i>ga</i> phrase instead, or vice versa.
So <i>Watashi wa ginkou ni ikimashita</i> feels like &ldquo;As for me, I went to the bank,&rdquo;
but <i>Watashi ga ginkou ni ikimashita</i>
feels strongly like &ldquo;<strong>I</strong> went to the bank.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">This is a lot to take in, I know. For now, just note that:
</p>

<ol class="bodycopy">
    <li><i>Ga</i> always marks the subject, and </li>
    <li>Aside from in patterns that use it as a matter of course, it tends to draw distinct attention to that subject.</li>
</ol>

<p class="bodycopy">That second aspect is what makes it perfect for asking things like <i>Who</i> went? <i>Where</i> is the best place to vacation? <i>Which store</i> has the best price? and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Make sense? Okay. Let&rsquo;s learn some more interrogatives.</p>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">When with <i>itsu</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s move on to our next vocabulary word.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v441_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v441_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v441_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v441_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_itsu');"><span class="nw">いつ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">when?</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">Inserting the word &ldquo;when&rdquo; into sentences is extremely
        straightforward. Just as time-phrases are self-contained units that can be
        placed anywhere in a sentence, <i>itsu</i>
        can be dropped in at any convenient location. Here are a few examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s435" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_itsu-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s435');" ontouchend="turnOff('s435');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s435');"><span class="nw">いつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b435" onclick="showTranslation('b435', 't435');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b435');" ontouchend="turnOff('b435');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b435');">(show translation)</span><span id="t435" style="display:none;">When is it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s436" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_marikosanno-tanjoubiha-itsu-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s436');" ontouchend="turnOff('s436');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s436');"><span class="nw">まりこさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たんじょうびは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b436" onclick="showTranslation('b436', 't436');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b436');" ontouchend="turnOff('b436');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b436');">(show translation)</span><span id="t436" style="display:none;">When is Mariko&rsquo;s birthday?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s437" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_itsu-nihonni-ikimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s437');" ontouchend="turnOff('s437');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s437');"><span class="nw">いつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にほんに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b437" onclick="showTranslation('b437', 't437');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b437');" ontouchend="turnOff('b437');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b437');">(show translation)</span><span id="t437" style="display:none;">When will you go to Japan?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s438" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_heyawo-itsu-souji-shimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s438');" ontouchend="turnOff('s438');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s438');"><span class="nw">へやを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">そうじ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b438" onclick="showTranslation('b438', 't438');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b438');" ontouchend="turnOff('b438');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b438');">(show translation)</span><span id="t438" style="display:none;">When will you clean the room?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Interrogatives 9</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">How and why</div>


<p class="bodycopy">As any parent of a four-year-old child knows, the world of
        questioning would not be complete without the words &ldquo;how&rdquo; and &ldquo;why.&rdquo; Let&rsquo;s take
        a look at how to use these words in Japanese.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v442_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v442_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v442_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v442_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_naze');"><span class="nw">なぜ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">why?</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v443_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v443_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v443_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v443_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite');"><span class="nw">どうして</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">why? / how?</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v444_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v444_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v444_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v444_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_nande');"><span class="nw">なんで</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">why? / how?</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v445_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v445_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v445_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v445_col1');" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_dou-yatte');"><span class="nw">どう　</span> <span class="nw">やって</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">how?</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">Right away, you&rsquo;re probably wondering how it is possible
        that one word could mean both &ldquo;how&rdquo; and &ldquo;why.&rdquo; They mean completely different
        things, right? Usually, they do, and that&rsquo;s the key. Normally, it&rsquo;s clear from
        context whether the speaker is looking for a reason (the why) or a method (the
        how).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">And if you want to maintain total clarity, you can always stick with the
        words <i>naze</i> and <i>dou yatte</i>, which always mean only &ldquo;why&rdquo; and &ldquo;how,&rdquo; respectively.
        However, native Japanese speakers often use <i>doushite</i>
        and <i>nande</i>, so you should be prepared
        for them.</p>


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    <title>Interrogatives 10</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">There are several ways to use these. First, let&rsquo;s look at
        the vanilla structure: placing them directly before <i>desu</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s439" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s439');" ontouchend="turnOff('s439');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s439');"><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b439" onclick="showTranslation('b439', 't439');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b439');" ontouchend="turnOff('b439');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b439');">(show translation)</span><span id="t439" style="display:none;">Why is it? / How is it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s440" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_soreha-doushite-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s440');" ontouchend="turnOff('s440');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s440');"><span class="nw">それは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b440" onclick="showTranslation('b440', 't440');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b440');" ontouchend="turnOff('b440');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b440');">(show translation)</span><span id="t440" style="display:none;">Why is that?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s441" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_naze-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s441');" ontouchend="turnOff('s441');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s441');"><span class="nw">なぜ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b441" onclick="showTranslation('b441', 't441');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b441');" ontouchend="turnOff('b441');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b441');">(show translation)</span><span id="t441" style="display:none;">Why is it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">However, except for four-year-olds, who are universally
        content asking one-word questions, these interrogatives usually demand to be
        placed in more descriptive sentences.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To do this in Japanese, we&rsquo;re going to break with the method
        we&rsquo;ve used so far in this text. Up until now, we&rsquo;ve been able to insert the
        question word in exactly the place where we needed an answer to appear in the
        sentence. The problem with this approach is that the answers to &ldquo;how&rdquo; and &ldquo;why&rdquo;
        sentences are unpredictable. You might get a one-word answer when you ask <i>who</i> ate your ice cream, but you get a
        whole paragraph when you ask <i>why</i>.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">The simple answer to how to insert &ldquo;how&rdquo; and &ldquo;why&rdquo; into your
        sentences is that they are treated like adverbs in Japanese. We haven&rsquo;t learned
        about adverbs yet, so for now, follow this rule:</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Place &ldquo;how&rdquo; and &ldquo;why&rdquo; words either:</p>

<ul class="bodycopy">
    <li>at the beginning of the sentence, or</li>
    <li>directly before the verb</li>
</ul>




<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at a few examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s442" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite-gakkouni-ikimasen--deshitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s442');" ontouchend="turnOff('s442');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s442');"><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でしたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b442" onclick="showTranslation('b442', 't442');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b442');" ontouchend="turnOff('b442');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b442');">(show translation)</span><span id="t442" style="display:none;">Why didn&rsquo;t you go to school?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s443" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_gakkouni-doushite-ikimasen--deshitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s443');" ontouchend="turnOff('s443');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s443');"><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でしたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b443" onclick="showTranslation('b443', 't443');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b443');" ontouchend="turnOff('b443');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b443');">(show translation)</span><span id="t443" style="display:none;">Why didn&rsquo;t you go to school?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s444" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_naze-watashino-AISUKURI-MUwo-tabemashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s444');" ontouchend="turnOff('s444');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s444');"><span class="nw">なぜ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アイスクリームを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b444" onclick="showTranslation('b444', 't444');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b444');" ontouchend="turnOff('b444');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b444');">(show translation)</span><span id="t444" style="display:none;">Why did you eat my ice cream?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s445" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_douyatte-sono-honwo-yomimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s445');" ontouchend="turnOff('s445');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s445');"><span class="nw">どうやって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b445" onclick="showTranslation('b445', 't445');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b445');" ontouchend="turnOff('b445');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b445');">(show translation)</span><span id="t445" style="display:none;">How did you read that book?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s446" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_sono-honwo-douyatte-yomimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s446');" ontouchend="turnOff('s446');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s446');"><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どうやって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b446" onclick="showTranslation('b446', 't446');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b446');" ontouchend="turnOff('b446');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b446');">(show translation)</span><span id="t446" style="display:none;">How did you read that book?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s447" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_douyatte-wakarimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s447');" ontouchend="turnOff('s447');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s447');"><span class="nw">どうやって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わかりましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b447" onclick="showTranslation('b447', 't447');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b447');" ontouchend="turnOff('b447');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b447');">(show translation)</span><span id="t447" style="display:none;">How did you know?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s take apart the grammar so we really understand it.
        Let&rsquo;s tackle the target sentence, &ldquo;Why did the teacher go?&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We start with the word &ldquo;why.&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s448" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s448');" ontouchend="turnOff('s448');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s448');"><span class="nw">どうして</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b448" onclick="showTranslation('b448', 't448');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b448');" ontouchend="turnOff('b448');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b448');">(show translation)</span><span id="t448" style="display:none;">Why</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">The rest of the sentence is describing a situation: &ldquo;The
        teacher went,&rdquo; or <i>Sensei wa ikimashita</i>.
        Adding that in, we get:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s449" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite-senseiha-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s449');" ontouchend="turnOff('s449');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s449');"><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b449" onclick="showTranslation('b449', 't449');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b449');" ontouchend="turnOff('b449');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b449');">(show translation)</span><span id="t449" style="display:none;">Why did the teacher go...?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">And, of course, since this is a question, we add <i>ka</i> after
        the verb. This leaves us with the finished product:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s450" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_doushite-senseiha-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s450');" ontouchend="turnOff('s450');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s450');"><span class="nw">どうして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b450" onclick="showTranslation('b450', 't450');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b450');" ontouchend="turnOff('b450');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b450');">(show translation)</span><span id="t450" style="display:none;">Why did the teacher go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try the sentence, &ldquo;How did you buy that book?&rdquo; Start with
        the word &ldquo;how.&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-290');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s451" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_douyatte');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s451');" ontouchend="turnOff('s451');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s451');"><span class="nw">どうやって</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b451" onclick="showTranslation('b451', 't451');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b451');" ontouchend="turnOff('b451');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b451');">(show translation)</span><span id="t451" style="display:none;">How</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Now construct a statement that describes the situation. In
        our example it is, &ldquo;you bought that book,&rdquo; <i>sono hon wo kaimashita</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-300');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s452" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_douyatte-sono-honwo-kaimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s452');" ontouchend="turnOff('s452');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s452');"><span class="nw">どうやって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かいました</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b452" onclick="showTranslation('b452', 't452');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b452');" ontouchend="turnOff('b452');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b452');">(show translation)</span><span id="t452" style="display:none;">How did you buy that book...?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Finish it off with our question marker <i>ka</i>, and you get:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-interrogatives-310');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s453" onclick="playSound('Interrogatives_douyatte-sono-honwo-kaimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s453');" ontouchend="turnOff('s453');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s453');"><span class="nw">どうやって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かいましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b453" onclick="showTranslation('b453', 't453');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b453');" ontouchend="turnOff('b453');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b453');">(show translation)</span><span id="t453" style="display:none;">How did you buy that book?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">So as you can see, asking how and why is really quite
        simple. Just construct a sentence that describes the situation you want to
        inquire about, and splice in the appropriate how/why word at the beginning or
        directly before the verb.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned several more important
        interrogatives in Japanese. Crucially, we also learned about the particle <i>ga</i>, which is an attention-hog
        subject-marker. This makes it perfect for questions where we want to know <i>who</i>
        or <i>what</i> did something. </p>

<p class="bodycopy">For example, we saw that a sentence like &ldquo;Who ate my ramen?&rdquo; uses the interrogative word
<i>dare</i> marked by <i>ga</i>, so that the sentence becomes 
<i><strong>Dare ga</strong> watashi no raamen wo tabemashita ka?</i> </p>

<p class="bodycopy">
We use <i>ga</i> instead of <i>wa</i> here for two reasons: First, <i>wa</i> can only mark
topics that are already known, and &ldquo;who&rdquo; is by definition not known (that&rsquo;s why we&rsquo;re asking, after all); 
and second, <i>ga</i> not only marks the subject but draws distinct attention to it, which is what 
we want in a question like this (it&rsquo;s not &ldquo;As for who...did he eat my ramen?&rdquo; but &ldquo;<strong>Who</strong> ate my ramen?&rdquo;).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We saw that the subject in the response will usually also be marked by <i>ga</i>.
So the response to <i><strong>Dare ga</strong> watashi no raamen wo tabemashita ka?</i> 
might be <i><strong>Watashi ga</strong> tabemashita,</i>
&ldquo;<strong>I</strong> ate it.&rdquo;

<p class="bodycopy">
        We also learned how to create open ended &ldquo;how&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;why&rdquo; questions, whose answers do not necessarily take the same form as the
        question, using words like <i>douyatte</i> and <i>naze</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;re doing great! Before pressing on, take a pit stop and check your knowledge with these friendly quizzes.</p>

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        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('vocab_interrogatives');"><img src="button_vocab_quiz@2x.png" /></div></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Next up, we&rsquo;ll have a fun cultural note chapter on cost of living in Japan.</p>

    
          
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