400     1412    1812    7816    9628    3081    12709   3214    15923   6966    22889   7336    30225   2987    33212   6979    40191   6262    46453   2511    48964   7017    55981   7425    63406   2886    66292   7069    73361   7311    80672   2263    82935   7050    89985   4045    94030   6288    100318  5063    105381  5043    110424  7305    117729  6738    124467  12818   137285  2595    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 1</title>

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<!-- Page 1 -->

        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 5</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Hiragana, Part 2</div>
        <div class="blurb">We&rsquo;re now more than half way through the hiragana syllabary. In this lesson,
        we&rsquo;ll look at the 21 remaining characters and learn some special rules about
        other ways to combine them. After this lesson, you&rsquo;ll be able to write any
        Japanese word using hiragana. Isn&rsquo;t
        that exciting?</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s jump right in and look at our next series.</p>


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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim26" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim26');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ha.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ha.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                            <video id="anim27" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim27');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_hi.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <video id="anim28" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim28');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_fu.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <video id="anim29" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim29');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_he.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_he.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim29');</script>
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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim30" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim30');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ho.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ho.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim30');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">HA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">HI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">FU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">4 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">HE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">HO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">4 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">You may be wondering what <i>fu</i> is doing in the middle of the h-series, 
        but if you recall my explanation of the Japanese <i>f</i> sound, you&rsquo;ll remember
        that it isn&rsquo;t a hard sound like in English. Japanese people don&rsquo;t bite their
        bottom lip as they say this. So it sounds something like a cross between 
        <i>hu</i> and <i>fu</i>. That&rsquo;s why it finds its home in this series.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_right">
            <div><img id="figures_fu_connected" src="figures_fu_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
    Also, be aware that in print, the strokes of <i>fu</i> are often connected, as at the right. 
    You can see that this version is meant to evoke the ink trailing from a 
    brush as it moves through the four strokes of the character. When using a pen or pencil,
    however, just write the four strokes distinctly, as above.
</p>



<p class="bodycopy">Note the similarity between <i>ha</i> and <i>ho</i>. Worse yet, in
        our next series, there&rsquo;s another character that looks much like <i>ho</i>, only without the first stroke. So
        pay careful attention to these and learn them well. On <i>ha</i>, be sure to make the second and third strokes            
        cross, not simply meet at the top like in <i>ho</i>.</p>


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                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    With <i>ha</i>, just be
    sure to get the <i>hane</i> at the end of
    stroke 1. Also, when you make the loop at the end of the last stroke, be sure
    to make it wider than it is tall, as shown here.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_hi@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
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    The biggest problem students have with <i>hi</i> is they always make the loop too sharp at the bottom. Keep the
    loop nice and open. Also, notice that the entire character lists to the side. You
    definitely don&rsquo;t want to make this character look like a U with wings. Lean it
    slightly to the right.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_fu@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Think of Mount Fuji when
    writing the character <i>fu</i>. It should
    basically fit inside the shape of a triangle. 
  </td>
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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_he@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    It&rsquo;s pretty hard to go wrong on <i>he</i>. Just make the downstroke about twice as long as the upstroke.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ho@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Notice the even spacing of the elements on the right side
    of <i>ho</i>. And of course, watch the <i>hane</i> and the loop as I mentioned for <i>ha</i>.
  </td>
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 4</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Ten-ten</i> and beyond</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Up until now, the &ldquo;softening marks&rdquo; have probably
        made sense. It seems natural that <i>ka</i>
        should turn to <i>ga</i>. It&rsquo;s not hard to
        see that a softened <i>so</i> should be <i>zo</i>. But at this point, you&rsquo;re probably
        wondering how on earth you can soften an h-sound.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Well, that&rsquo;s just it. You really can&rsquo;t. In the case of the
        h-series, the marks that we add will do the opposite of what <i>ten-ten</i> normally do. They&rsquo;ll actually
        harden the sounds.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Adding <i>ten-ten</i> to
        the h-series makes every character start with a b-sound. Therefore, <i>ha</i> with <i>ten-ten</i> turns to <i>ba</i>, <i>fu</i> turns to <i>bu</i>, and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But wait, there&rsquo;s more. In this series only, we can go even
        further. We can add a circle, or <i>maru</i>,
        and get five more sounds. Adding <i>maru</i>
        to a character from this series makes it start with a p-sound. Therefore, <i>hi</i> plus <i>maru</i> makes the sound <i>pi</i>. <i>He</i> plus <i>maru</i> becomes <i>pe</i>, and so
        on. Here&rsquo;s what the characters look like with <i>ten-ten</i> and <i>maru</i>
        attached.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny22" onclick=""><span class="tiny_example_kana_series">ばびぶべぼ</span></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">BA, BI, BU, BE and BO</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny23" onclick=""><span class="tiny_example_kana_series">ぱぴぷぺぽ</span></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">PA, PI, PU, PE and PO</div>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Give these examples a read-through and see how you fare.</p>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice77" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_banana');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice77');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice77');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice77');">ばなな</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice78" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hibiki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice78');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice78');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice78');">ひびき</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice79" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kabi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice79');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice79');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice79');">かび</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice80" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hanabi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice80');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice80');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice80');">はなび</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice81" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_bushi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice81');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice81');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice81');">ぶし</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice82" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_nikibi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice82');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice82');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice82');">にきび</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice83" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_fuji');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice83');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice83');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice83');">ふじ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice84" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_beika');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice84');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice84');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice84');">べいか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice85" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_poteto');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice85');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice85');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice85');">ぽてと</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice86" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hebi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice86');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice86');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice86');">へび</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice87" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_bouto');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice87');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice87');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice87');">ぼうと</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice88" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_piiku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice88');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice88');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice88');">ぴいく</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice89" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hosoi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice89');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice89');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice89');">ほそい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice90" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_papa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice90');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice90');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice90');">ぱぱ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice91" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_puupi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice91');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice91');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice91');">ぷうぴ</td>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The m-series</div>


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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim33" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim33');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_mu.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_mu.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim33');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim34" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim34');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_me.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_me.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim34');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim35" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim35');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_mo.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_mo.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim35');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">MA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">MI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">MU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">ME</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">MO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
        Here&rsquo;s the next batch, including that one I promised you.
        Notice that <i>ma</i> looks a lot like the
        right side of <i>ho</i>, except that the
        third stroke intersects, not just meets, both of the horizontal strokes.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">What about <i>me</i>? If
        you&rsquo;re scratching your head, feeling like you&rsquo;ve seen this one before, that&rsquo;s
        because it looks exactly the same as <i>nu</i>,
        only without the loop at the end.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Don&rsquo;t start to get anxious here. We&rsquo;re getting very close to
        the end of this syllabary. Yes, there are a few characters that look similar,
        but the situation is on par with the letters <i>f</i> and <i>t</i>, or <i>O</i> and <i>Q</i> in English. After you get used to the differences, they&rsquo;re a
        breeze.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ten-ten</i> cannot be applied to this series.</p>


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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ma@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    My comments on <i>ma</i>
    are exactly the same as those for <i>ho</i>.
    If you take notice again of the even spacing of the elements in this
    character, you won&rsquo;t make it too elongated.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_mi@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Mi</i> looks bad if
    you don&rsquo;t make the horizontal stroke long enough. Keep the loop open and then
    draw the arch way over to the right.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_mu@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    To keep <i>mu</i> looking sharp, give
    it a nice wide base, like a travel coffee <b>mu</b>g.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_me@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    The only thing to watch out for on <i>me</i> is that the second stroke crosses the first twice, as I&rsquo;ve
    indicated.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_mo@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Looking at my drawing here, you should be able to see the
    energy leaving stroke one and pointing toward the first horizontal stroke. <i>Mo</i> looks great when you veer the end
    of stroke one off to the northwest as I&rsquo;ve shown.
  </td>
                    </tr>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">You know what to do with these. Have at &rsquo;em.</p>

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                <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="kana_practice_table">
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice92" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hamabe');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice92');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice92');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice92');">はまべ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice93" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_memai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice93');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice93');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice93');">めまい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice94" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kami');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice94');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice94');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice94');">かみ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice95" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_namida');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice95');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice95');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice95');">なみだ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice96" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_momo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice96');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice96');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice96');">もも</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice97" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_imo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice97');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice97');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice97');">いも</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice98" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kumo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice98');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice98');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice98');">くも</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice99" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_muketa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice99');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice99');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice99');">むけた</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice100" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_meshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice100');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice100');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice100');">めした</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice101" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_mune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice101');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice101');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice101');">むね</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice102" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_megane');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice102');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice102');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice102');">めがね</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice103" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_mukade');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice103');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice103');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice103');">むかで</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice104" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_fumei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice104');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice104');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice104');">ふめい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice105" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_mou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice105');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice105');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice105');">もう</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice106" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_mimi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice106');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice106');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice106');">みみ</td>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The y-series</div>


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                <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="kana_animation_table">
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                            <video id="anim36" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim36');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ya.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ya.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
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                            <video id="anim38" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim38');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_yu.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_yu.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim38');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell"></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim40" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim40');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_yo.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_yo.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim40');</script>

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                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">YA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name"></div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes"></div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">YU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name"></div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes"></div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">YO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
        You&rsquo;ll notice the conspicuous lack of the characters <i>yi</i> and <i>ye</i>. 
        That&rsquo;s because those sounds don&rsquo;t exist in modern Japanese. Add
        to that the fact that <i>ten-ten</i> cannot be applied to this series, and these three
        should be a breeze to learn.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_right">
            <div><img id="figures_ya_connected" src="figures_ya_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Note that you&rsquo;ll see
<i>ya</i> printed with the strokes all running together, as at right. The idea is the same as we saw before
with <i>fu</i>, to reproduce the look of trailing ink. You can simply write it as above with a pen or pencil.</p>


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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ya@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Notice that in <i>ya</i>,
    the first and last strokes are perpendicular where they cross. But the cross
    that is formed is not standing straight up. It&rsquo;s really important to make it
    lean back like this.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_yu@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Yu</i> looks really
    good when you keep fluid as you write it. Notice how the end of stroke one
    leads right up into the next stroke. Many people even make the whole
    character into one long stroke by drawing along the path I&rsquo;ve shown here. You
    may write it whichever way you like.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_yo@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    The advice I gave regarding the loops in <i>ha</i>, <i>ho</i>, and <i>ma</i> also holds
    true here. The only other piece of wisdom I can offer is to make sure that
    the first stroke and the very end of the second stroke stick out about the
    same length.
  </td>
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 11</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Keep those neurons firing by tackling this set.</p>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice107" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_toyota');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice107');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice107');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice107');">とよた</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice108" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yoyoma');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice108');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice108');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice108');">よよま</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice109" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yuki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice109');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice109');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice109');">ゆき</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice110" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yamato');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice110');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice110');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice110');">やまと</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice111" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_miyama');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice111');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice111');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice111');">みやま</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice112" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yonaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice112');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice112');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice112');">よなか</td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice113" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yoyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice113');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice113');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice113');">よよ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice114" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yayoi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice114');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice114');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice114');">やよい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice115" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yagi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice115');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice115');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice115');">やぎ</td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice116" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yuuki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice116');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice116');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice116');">ゆうき</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice117" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_okayu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice117');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice117');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice117');">おかゆ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice118" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yuuko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice118');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice118');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice118');">ゆうこ</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice119" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_yami');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice119');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice119');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice119');">やみ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice120" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_oya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice120');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice120');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice120');">おや</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice121" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kayui');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice121');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice121');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice121');">かゆい</td>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The r-series</div>


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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">RA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">RI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">RU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">RE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">RO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>

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<p class="bodycopy">
        We&rsquo;re on the home stretch now. This is our last complete
        series. Before we get to tips on writing them, I&rsquo;ll mention a couple things
        that can help you remember them.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_right">
            <div><img id="figures_ri_connected" src="figures_ri_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">A common mnemonic to remember <i>ri</i> is &ldquo;reeds.&rdquo; Think of two reeds sticking out of the
        water when you see this character. And, similarly to <i>ya</i> from earlier, you&rsquo;ll often see the strokes connected 
       when this character is printed in &ldquo;brushy&rdquo; fonts.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As for the difference between <i>ru</i> and <i>ro</i>, the rather
        silly way to remember is to think of the loop at the end of <i>ru</i> as a kanga<u>roo</u> tail.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ten-ten</i> cannot be
        applied to this series.</p>


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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ra@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    My comments on <i>ra</i>
    are similar to those for <i>chi</i>. After
    you start the second stroke, be sure to come slightly up and over where the
    arrow shows.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ri@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
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    With <i>ri</i>, just watch
    the <i>hane</i> at the end of stroke 1.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ru@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
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    Check out how long the red portion of <i>ru</i> is here. It comes further to the left than any other part of
    the character. Be sure to give this line its full value.
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    This character looks an awful lot like <i>ne</i>, but without the loop. Emphasize
    the difference by making the final stroke come down strong with a little curl
    at the end.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ro@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
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    It&rsquo;s hard to go wrong with this one, but avoid making it
    look like a 3 by keeping the upper right corner sharp.
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">As always, put your new knowledge to the test by reading through some example words.</p>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice123" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_karee');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice123');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice123');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice123');">かれえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice124" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_zurui');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice124');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice124');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice124');">ずるい</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice125" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_dakara');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice125');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice125');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice125');">だから</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice126" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_tsurai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice126');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice126');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice126');">つらい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice127" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sarani');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice127');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice127');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice127');">さらに</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice131" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hareta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice131');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice131');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice131');">はれた</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice132" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_darou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice132');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice132');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice132');">だろう</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice133" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_rika');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice133');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice133');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice133');">りか</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice134" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kuruma');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice134');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice134');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice134');">くるま</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice135" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kiri');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice135');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice135');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice135');">きり</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice136" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_rokuni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice136');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice136');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice136');">ろくに</td>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The w-"series"?</div>


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                            <video id="anim50" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim50');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_wo.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">WA</div>
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name"></div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes"></div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name"></div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes"></div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name"></div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes"></div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">(W)O</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
        As you can see, we have a few more stragglers to clean up
        and we&rsquo;ll be finished. In modern Japanese, the w-series contains only two
        characters.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Wo</i> is not used in
        ordinary words. It&rsquo;s a special character that is only used as a grammatical
        marker. We&rsquo;ll be investigating this in detail a few lessons down the road.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">I surrounded the &ldquo;w&rdquo; in <i>wo</i> with parentheses because it is often pronounced just <i>o</i>.</p>

        <script language="javascript">if (typeof(allKanaAnimationItemIDs) === "undefined") { var allKanaAnimationItemIDs = new Array(); }</script>
        <div class="kana_animation_table_outermost_container kana_animation_table_float_left">
            <div class="kana_animation_table_container">
                <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="kana_animation_table">
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim51" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim51');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_n.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_n.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim51');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="1" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">N</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Finally, before we look at technique, we have one more
                    character, our last one. This guy is a real loner. He&rsquo;s the only character in
                    the entire syllabary that isn&rsquo;t a complete syllable. It&rsquo;s just a consonant&mdash;the sound <i>n</i>.</p>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 16</title>

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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_wa@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Wa</i> looks exactly
    the same as <i>ne</i>, only without the
    final loop. It&rsquo;s also similar in shape to <i>re</i>.
    Differentiate it by keeping it nice and open, with plenty of air inside.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_wo@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    As strange as this character looks, it&rsquo;s not difficult to
    write. It might help to imagine it as a hybrid of <i>n</i> and <i>to</i>.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_n@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Don&rsquo;t deny it. I know you&rsquo;re thinking that this looks like
    an <i>h</i>. And that&rsquo;s just how you
    should write it. Just be sure to make it an <u>italic</u> <i>h</i>.
  </td>
                    </tr>

                </table>
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">We now know the full suite of hiragana characters. Try reading through the following words.</p>

            <div class="kana_practice_table_container">
                <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="kana_practice_table">
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice137" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kanji');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice137');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice137');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice137');">かんじ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice138" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_pan');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice138');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice138');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice138');">ぱん</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice139" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kinko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice139');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice139');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice139');">きんこ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice140" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_panko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice140');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice140');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice140');">ぱんこ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice141" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_ringo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice141');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice141');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice141');">りんご</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice142" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_wara');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice142');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice142');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice142');">わら</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice143" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_utsuwa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice143');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice143');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice143');">うつわ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice144" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kawara');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice144');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice144');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice144');">かわら</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice145" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_wan');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice145');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice145');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice145');">わん</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice146" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_warera');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice146');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice146');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice146');">われら</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice147" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shin');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice147');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice147');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice147');">しん</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice148" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kin');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice148');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice148');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice148');">きん</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice149" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_wana');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice149');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice149');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice149');">わな</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice150" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_washi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice150');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice150');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice150');">わし</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice151" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_uwagi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice151');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice151');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice151');">うわぎ</td>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 18</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Doubled consonants in hiragana</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Okay. Now that we know all the characters, it&rsquo;s time to
            learn about a few special rules on how to use them. We already know how to
            extend vowels. We&rsquo;ve seen lots of examples of that so far.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But what about doubling consonants? In Roman letters, we
            express doubled consonants by simply writing a consonant twice in a row, as in
            the words <i>metta</i>, <i>kekkon</i>, and <i>shippo</i>. How
            do we express this consonant doubling when writing in hiragana?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The Japanese use the character <i>tsu</i>, written half-size, to designate that the next consonant should
            be doubled. When used like this the <i>tsu</i>
            itself is never directly pronounced. It only functions as a sign that the next
            consonant will be doubled. A few examples will help make this clear.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny24" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_metta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny24');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny24');">めった</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">ME<span class="tiny_example_caption_emphasis">T</span>TA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny25" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kekkon');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny25');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny25');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny25');">けっこん</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KE<span class="tiny_example_caption_emphasis">K</span>KON</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny26" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shippo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny26');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny26');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny26');">しっぽ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHI<span class="tiny_example_caption_emphasis">P</span>PO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">In each of these examples, the consonant sound in the
            character following the small <i>tsu</i> is
            doubled. The small <i>tsu</i> is like a stop
            sign. It says, &ldquo;Hey! Before you go on to the next sound, pause for just a
            second here.&rdquo; Listen to the examples above by 

      
            touching
        

            them, and pay
            attention to the pause.</p>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 19</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">What about doubling the consonant <i>n</i>? For example, how would you write the word <i>donna</i> in hiragana? I&rsquo;ll
        give you a hint. You would not use a small <i>tsu</i>.
        The reason is that we have a better way of doubling the <i>n</i> sound. We don&rsquo;t need to resort to using a small <i>tsu</i> because we have a character that
        makes the <i>n</i> sound all by itself. So
        to write words like <i>donna</i> and <i>kannin</i>, always use the character <i>n</i>. Never use a small <i>tsu</i>.</p>

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            <!-- Start simple table -->
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                <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
                        <td class="simple_header simple_radius_tl" width="25%">Word</td>
                        <td class="simple_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_header" width="25%">Breakdown</td>
                        <td class="simple_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_header" width="25%">Incorrect</td>
                        <td class="simple_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_header simple_radius_tr" width="25%">Correct</td>

	        </tr>


	        <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
                        <td class="simple_english simple_odd_row simple_not_clickable" id="st125" valign="top" onclick="">donna</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_english simple_odd_row simple_not_clickable" id="st126" valign="top" onclick="">do-n-na</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_japanese simple_odd_row simple_not_clickable" id="st127" valign="top" onclick="">どっな</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_japanese simple_odd_row simple_clickable_odd" id="st128" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_donna');" ontouchstart="turnOn('st128');" ontouchend="turnOff('st128');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('st128');">どんな</td>

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	        <!-- Line -->
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		    <td colspan="7" class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

	        <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
                        <td class="simple_english simple_even_row simple_not_clickable" id="st129" valign="top" onclick="">kannin</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_english simple_even_row simple_not_clickable" id="st130" valign="top" onclick="">ka-n-ni-n</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_japanese simple_even_row simple_not_clickable" id="st131" valign="top" onclick="">かっにん</td>
                        <td class="simple_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="simple_japanese simple_even_row simple_clickable_even" id="st132" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kannin');" ontouchstart="turnOn('st132');" ontouchend="turnOff('st132');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('st132');">かんにん</td>

	        </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
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		    <td colspan="7" class="simple_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>
            <!-- End simple table -->
        
        </div>

<p class="bodycopy">While we&rsquo;re on the topic of <i>n</i>, take a look at the following two words and think about how they
        differ.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny27" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sen-en');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny27');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny27');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny27');">せんえん</div>



            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny28" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_se-nen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny28');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny28');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny28');">せねん</div>



            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">It might seem that these should both be written the same way
        in Roman letters. Your instinct is probably to write them both <i>senen</i>. But that wouldn&rsquo;t reflect the
        fact that they are actually spelled differently in Japanese. What&rsquo;s more, the
        pronunciation of these two words is different, as you can note by listening to them.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The character <i>n</i> can only be used as the end of a unit of sound, not the beginning of a new one.
If the next character happens to be a vowel sound, as at left above, 
the  characters don&rsquo;t merge into an n-series sound. That is, <i>n</i> plus <i>e</i> does not equal <i>ne</i>.</p>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 20</title>

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            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny29" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sen-en');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny29');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny29');">せんえん</div>



            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny30" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_se-nen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny30');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny30');">せねん</div>



            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">For this reason, when using Roman letters, the example on
        the left would be written <i>sen&rsquo;en</i>. The
        apostrophe makes it clear that the <i>n</i>
        is not part of the sound <i>ne</i>. So the
        breakdown of the word on the left is <i>sen-en</i>,
        whereas the word on the right is <i>se-nen</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">How do you pronounce <i>n</i>
        in this type of situation to avoid causing it to merge with the following
        vowel? Instead of using the tip of your tongue as you normally would, bring the
        back of your tongue toward the roof of your mouth, but don&rsquo;t quite let it
        touch. 
        If you start by going all the way to an <i>ng</i> sound and then dial it back just a hair,
        you&rsquo;ll have it just about perfect. 
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To make it easier to pronounce, Japanese speakers usually 
        insert a &ldquo;y&rdquo; sound before the next vowel, which you can clearly hear above. 

        In fact, the Japanese word for &ldquo;yen&rdquo; is simply <i>en</i>, 
        but when it follows words like <i>sen</i> (one thousand) and <i>ichi-man</i> (ten thousand)
        it really does sound like &ldquo;yen&rdquo; even though 
        there is actually no way to write &ldquo;yen&rdquo; in Japanese.

        The above
        example, <i>sen&rsquo;en</i>, means &ldquo;one
        thousand yen.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Listen to the following examples.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny31" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sen-en');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny31');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny31');">せんえん</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SEN&rsquo;EN <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SE-NEN)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny32" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kin-youbi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny32');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny32');">きんようび</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KIN&rsquo;YOUBI <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not KI-NYOU-BI)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny33" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shin-yuu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny33');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny33');">しんゆう</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHIN&rsquo;YUU <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHI-NYUU)</span></div>

            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">To really master this, you&rsquo;ll have to listen to native
        Japanese people. But for now, make a note of it and listen carefully going
        forward.</p>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 21</title>

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<!-- Page 22 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Two-character combinations</div>


<p class="bodycopy">As it turns out, <i>tsu</i>
        isn&rsquo;t the only character that gets to lead a double life. The characters <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>,
        and <i>yo</i> can also be written half-size
        to create a few new sounds. For example, if you take <i>shi</i> and <i>ya</i>, both written
        full-size, you get the two-syllable word <i>shiya</i>.
        But if you write the <i>ya</i> half-size, it
        makes the one syllable sound <i>sha</i>.
        Likewise, we can make the sounds <i>shu</i>
        and <i>sho</i> by using a small <i>yu</i> and <i>yo</i>, respectively.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny34" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny34');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny34');">しゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHA <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHI-YA)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny35" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny35');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny35');">しゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHU <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHI-YU)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny36" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sho');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny36');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny36');">しょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHO <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHI-YO)</span></div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny37" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shaken');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny37');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny37');">しゃけん</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHAKEN</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny38" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shuukai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny38');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny38');">しゅうかい</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHUUKAI</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny39" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_issho');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny39');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny39');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny39');">いっしょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">ISSHO</div>

            </div>
            </div>



<p class="bodycopy">Based on what you know about adding <i>ten-ten</i> to <i>shi</i>, can you
        guess what happens when we add <i>ten-ten</i>
        to <i>shi</i> in the combinations <i>sha</i>, <i>shu</i>,
        and <i>sho</i>?</p>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 22</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Just as <i>shi</i> with <i>ten-ten</i> becomes <i>ji</i>, the combos <i>sha</i>, <i>shu</i>, 
        and <i>sho</i> plus <i>ten-ten</i> on the <i>shi</i> create <i>ja</i>, <i>ju</i>, and <i>jo</i>.</p>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny40" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_ja');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny40');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny40');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny40');">じゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny41" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_ju');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny41');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny41');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny41');">じゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny42" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_jo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny42');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny42');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny42');">じょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny43" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_jama');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny43');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny43');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny43');">じゃま</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JAMA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny44" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_juu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny44');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny44');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny44');">じゅう</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JUU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny45" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_jouzu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny45');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny45');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny45');">じょうず</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">JOUZU</div>

            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Small <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>, and <i>yo</i> can also attach to the character <i>chi</i>, 
        and it works very similarly. If <i>shi</i> plus small <i>ya</i> makes <i>sha</i>, then 
        <i>chi</i> plus small <i>ya</i> should make <i>cha</i>. And it does.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny46" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_cha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny46');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny46');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny46');">ちゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny47" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_chu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny47');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny47');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny47');">ちゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny48" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_cho');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny48');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny48');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny48');">ちょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny49" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_chahan');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny49');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny49');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny49');">ちゃはん</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHAHAN</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny50" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_chuukai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny50');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny50');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny50');">ちゅうかい</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHUUKAI</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny51" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_choushi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny51');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny51');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny51');">ちょうし</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHOUSHI</div>

            </div>
            </div>




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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 23</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">But wait, there&rsquo;s more. The half-size versions of <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>,
        and <i>yo</i> can actually attach to <strong>any</strong>
        character that ends in an <i>i</i> sound, such as <i>ki</i>, <i>ni</i>, <i>hi</i>, <i>bi</i>, and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">I introduced the <i>shi</i> and <i>chi</i> combos to you first
        because they work slightly differently from the rest. Let&rsquo;s take a look again and compare them.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny52" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny52');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny52');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny52');">しゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHA <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHYA)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny53" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_shu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny53');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny53');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny53');">しゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHU <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHYU)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny54" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_sho');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny54');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny54');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny54');">しょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">SHO <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not SHYO)</span></div>

            </div>
            </div>




<p class="bodycopy">In these combos, the small <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>, or <i>yo</i> contributes only its vowel sound,
        so that <i>shi</i> + <i>yo</i> = <i>sho</i>, not <i>sh<strong>y</strong>o</i>. 
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The same goes for the combos with <i>chi</i>:</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny55" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_cha');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny55');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny55');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny55');">ちゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHA <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not CHYA)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny56" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_chu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny56');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny56');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny56');">ちゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHU <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not CHYU)</span></div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny57" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_cho');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny57');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny57');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny57');">ちょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">CHO <span class="tiny_example_caption_anti_emphasis">(not CHYO)</span></div>

            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
        But in all of the rest of the combos, the small <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>, or <i>yo</i>
        contributes its full sound. So if you take a <i>ki</i> + small <i>yu</i>, the result is <i>kyu</i>, and it sounds like the 
        English word &ldquo;queue.&rdquo; Take a look:
</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny58" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny58');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny58');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny58');">きゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny59" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny59');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny59');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny59');">きゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny60" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny60');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny60');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny60');">きょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 24</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Here&rsquo;s the full set of combinations that work this way. Hopefully the system 
        should make sense, but be sure to listen to each one and confirm that it works as you expect. 
</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny61" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny61');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny61');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny61');">きゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny62" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny62');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny62');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny62');">きゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny63" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_kyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny63');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny63');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny63');">きょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">KYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny64" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_gya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny64');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny64');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny64');">ぎゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">GYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny65" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_gyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny65');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny65');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny65');">ぎゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">GYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny66" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_gyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny66');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny66');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny66');">ぎょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">GYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny67" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_nya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny67');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny67');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny67');">にゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">NYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny68" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_nyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny68');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny68');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny68');">にゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">NYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny69" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_nyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny69');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny69');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny69');">にょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">NYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny70" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny70');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny70');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny70');">ひゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">HYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny71" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny71');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny71');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny71');">ひゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">HYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny72" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_hyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny72');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny72');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny72');">ひょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">HYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny73" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_bya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny73');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny73');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny73');">びゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">BYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny74" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_byu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny74');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny74');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny74');">びゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">BYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny75" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_byo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny75');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny75');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny75');">びょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">BYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny76" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_pya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny76');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny76');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny76');">ぴゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">PYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny77" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_pyu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny77');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny77');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny77');">ぴゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">PYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny78" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_pyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny78');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny78');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny78');">ぴょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">PYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny79" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_mya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny79');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny79');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny79');">みゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">MYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny80" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_myu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny80');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny80');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny80');">みゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">MYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny81" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_myo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny81');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny81');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny81');">みょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">MYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>


            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny82" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_rya');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny82');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny82');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny82');">りゃ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">RYA</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny83" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_ryu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny83');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny83');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny83');">りゅ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">RYU</div>

            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_clickable" id="tiny84" onclick="playSound('Hiragana2_ryo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('tiny84');" ontouchend="turnOff('tiny84');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('tiny84');">りょ</div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">RYO</div>

            </div>
            </div>



        
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 2 25</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this chapter, we learned the remaining 21 hiragana characters. We 
discovered that the h-series was special in that it can accept not only <i>ten-ten</i> to make b-sounds, but <i>maru</i>
to make p-sounds.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We also learned that the characters <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>, and <i>yo</i>
can be written half-size after certain characters to create new sound combinations. For example:
</p>

<ul class="bodycopy">
  <li>After <i>shi</i>, they make the sounds <i>sha</i>, <i>shu</i>, and <i>sho</i>.</li>
  <li>After <i>chi</i>, they make the sounds <i>cha</i>, <i>chu</i>, and <i>cho</i>.</li>
  <li>After <i>ki</i>, they make the sounds <i>kya</i>, <i>kyu</i>, and <i>kyo</i>.</li>
</ul>



<p class="bodycopy">And believe it or not, that does it for rules on using hiragana. 
        You are now a hiragana master. You can spell anything,
        anytime. Prove it to yourself by breezing through the chapter review below. 
        You can also put your newfound skills to the test using the full set of cards in
        the hiragana matching game.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">For now, I will continue to present vocabulary in both Roman letters and 
        hiragana, but within a few chapters, we&rsquo;ll discard the romanization entirely. In the journey that is
        Japanese, you&rsquo;re well on your way!</p>

    
          
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