336     3095    3431    1730    5161    7546    12707   3086    15793   7402    23195   7457    30652   3088    33740   2670    36410   7137    43547   8440    51987   2963    54950   2889    57839   7106    64945   7638    72583   2843    75426   2661    78087   7223    85310   7562    92872   3094    95966   7003    102969  2289    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 3</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Hiragana, Part 1</div>
        <div class="blurb">Let&rsquo;s face it. Westerners view the Japanese writing system
        with a mixture of fear and awe. I commonly hear people say in admiration, &ldquo;How
        can you remember all of those characters? If you add just one line, the whole
        meaning of the word changes!&rdquo;</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">Well, let me show you something in English.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_english tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny17" onclick="">interior</div>



            </div>            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_english tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny18" onclick="">inferior</div>



            </div>
            </div>


<p class="bodycopy">That&rsquo;s right. By moving just one small curved line, the
        meaning of a word can be drastically changed in English, as well. It&rsquo;s not as
        if Japanese were the only language where accuracy is important.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Actually, as we&rsquo;ll be seeing very shortly, the two Japanese
        syllabaries are extremely straightforward and easy to use. The syllabaries are
        so named because each character represents an entire syllable, rather than a
        part of a syllable. So whereas the letter <i>k</i>
        in English must be paired with something else (the letter <i>a</i>, for example) 
        to make a pronounceable syllable,
        just one character in Japanese can be pronounced <i>ka</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Unlike in English, where the placement of a letter in a word
        and its neighboring letters can affect the pronunciation, the characters we&rsquo;ll
        be learning are virtually always pronounced in exactly the same way. In fact,
        you already know how to spell in Japanese. Now it&rsquo;s just a matter of putting
        characters with the sounds.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Each syllabary has 46 characters. That may sound like a lot,
        but because a single character can be pronounced only one way, it&rsquo;s actually much
        simpler than English. In this chapter, we&rsquo;ll tackle the first 25, and then
        we&rsquo;ll look at the remaining 21 and some special rules for working with them in
        the following chapter.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">One other note before we get to the characters. Stroke
        order, or the way in which you draw the characters, is very important. In fact,
        some characters won&rsquo;t look right if written in the wrong stroke order, for
        reasons we&rsquo;ll see shortly. So I&rsquo;ve included animations of each character. Just
       
    
            touch
        
       
       each character to see it written in the correct stroke order.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Well then, let&rsquo;s have at that first set!</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The a-series</div>


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            <div class="kana_animation_table_container">
                <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="kana_animation_table">
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim1" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim1');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_a.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_a.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim1');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
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                            <video id="anim2" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim2');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_i.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim2');</script>
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                            <video id="anim3" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim3');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_u.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim3');</script>
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                            <video id="anim4" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim4');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_e.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim4');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim5" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim5');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_o.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_o.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim5');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
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                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">A</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">I</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">U</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">E</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">O</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Here they are. These aren&rsquo;t so scary, are they? Tap
        each character to see its proper stroke order.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, different letters take up different amounts of
        space. For example, a W takes up more space than an I. But in Japanese, every
        character takes up the exact same space: a square. As you practice these
        characters, try to make them fill up their imaginary squares.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Notice that the first stroke of <i>i</i> has a little &ldquo;jump&rdquo; at the end of it.
        As we progress, you&rsquo;ll see many characters with these. 
        These jumps are called <i>hane</i> in Japanese, and the reason for
        them is that Japanese was originally written with a brush and ink. Think of the
        <i>hane</i> as a little trail of ink, and
        notice that it usually points to the next stroke.
        Of course, these days, with ballpoint pens and word
        processors, trailing ink is not a problem, but the <i>hane</i> have been left over from ancient times. They are important to
        make the characters look good, so be sure to get them in when you write the
        characters.</p>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 4</title>

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                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    In <i>a</i>, it&rsquo;s
    important that the last stroke intersects the two places I have circled on
    the left. Notice, also, that the very end of the last stroke is
    &ldquo;trying&rdquo; to finish a complete circle. In other words, don&rsquo;t make it
    pointing down or some other direction.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_i@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Your main concern with <i>i</i>
    should be including the <i>hane</i>.
    Create it with a light flick of your pencil, much like you might make a check
    mark. Also notice that the second stroke is not as long as the first.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_u@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    With <i>u</i>, be sure
    you angle the first stroke back, not making it a vertical line. Also, make
    sure that you start stroke two by veering northeast.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_e@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    To make <i>e</i> look
    good, be sure to get the wave in at the end.
  </td>
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_o@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    In <i>o</i>, notice how
    you can see the energy being directed to the 
    final stroke. Follow this flow to keep the character fluid and great-looking.
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Self-quiz</div>


<p class="bodycopy">
    Quiz yourself on these five characters by sounding out each
    of the two-character combinations below. Several of these are actual words, but
    many are just meaningless sound combinations. Right now, concentrate on reading
    without regard for meaning.

    
            Touch
        

each combo to hear the correct pronunciation.</p>

            <div class="kana_practice_table_container">
                <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="kana_practice_table">
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice1" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice1');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice1');">あい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice2" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ua');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice2');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice2');">うあ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice3" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_oe');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice3');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice3');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice3');">おえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice4" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_aa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice4');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice4');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice4');">ああ</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="7"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice5" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ee');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice5');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice5');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice5');">ええ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice6" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ue');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice6');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice6');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice6');">うえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice7" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ie');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice7');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice7');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice7');">いえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice8" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ae');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice8');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice8');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice8');">あえ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="7"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice9" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_oe');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice9');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice9');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice9');">おえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice10" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_io');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice10');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice10');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice10');">いお</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice11" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ua');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice11');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice11');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice11');">うあ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice12" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice12');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice12');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice12');">えい</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="7"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice13" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ii');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice13');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice13');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice13');">いい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice14" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ea');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice14');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice14');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice14');">えあ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice15" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_oi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice15');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice15');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice15');">おい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice16" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_eo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice16');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice16');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice16');">えお</td>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 6</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The k-series</div>


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                                <source src="hiragana_ki.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim7');</script>
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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim8" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim8');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ku.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ku.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim8');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim9" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim9');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ke.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ke.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim9');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim10" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim10');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ko.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ko.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim10');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">KA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">KI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">4 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">KU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">KE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">KO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Moving along, here&rsquo;s the next set of characters, called the
        k-series because each character begins with a &ldquo;k&rdquo; sound. Again,
        notice the <i>hane</i> on several of the
        characters, and be sure to include those when you write them yourself.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_right">
            <div><img id="figures_ki_connected" src="figures_ki_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">In many fonts, <i>ki</i> is printed with the
    third and fourth strokes connected, as shown on the right. 
    In handwriting, however, it&rsquo;s always written as shown above.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It&rsquo;s tough to write these characters with a ballpoint pen.
        Use a real wood, number two pencil and practice them largely. Don&rsquo;t try to fit them
        on ruled paper just yet. Take your time and write them over and over, while
        saying the pronunciation out loud. This will really help sink them into your
        brain.</p>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 7</title>

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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ka@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    When you write <i>ka</i>,
    try to keep it balanced inside a triangle formed by the second and third
    strokes. The first stroke comes down in the center of the triangle, parallel
    to the next stroke.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ki@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    You can place the last stroke correctly in <i>ki</i> if you imagine an oval sitting
    inside as shown here. 
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ku@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    With <i>ku</i>, just
    keep the angle to about 90 degrees, perhaps a bit more, and you&rsquo;ll be good.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ke@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    In <i>ke</i>, be sure
    to include a good <i>hane</i> at the end
    of stroke one. Also, notice that this character looks very good if you veer
    to the left at the end of stroke three, as shown here by the arrow.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ko@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Your main concern with <i>ko</i>
    should be to keep it from looking like an equals sign. You can do this by
    honoring the <i>hane</i> at the end of the
    first stroke and by keeping the two strokes far enough apart to imagine a
    square sitting between them.
  </td>
                    </tr>

                </table>
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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Ten-ten</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">The k-series is different from the a-series in that with
        just five characters, it&rsquo;s actually possible to make ten sounds. How can this
        be? It happens by adding marks called <i>ten-ten</i>,
        which mean something like &ldquo;mark-mark.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ten-ten</i> are
        technically called <i>dakuten</i>, or
        &ldquo;softening marks.&rdquo; This is exactly what they do. When we add them to
        any character from the k-series, it becomes a &ldquo;g&rdquo; sound. Thus <i>ka</i> with <i>ten-ten</i> becomes <i>ga</i>. <i>Ki</i> becomes <i>gi</i>, and so on. Take a look at this visually:</p>

        <div class="illustration_center">
            <div><img id="figures_tenten" src="figures_tenten@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">So by applying <i>ten-ten</i>
        to the five characters in the k-series, we essentially create another series,
        the &ldquo;g-series,&rdquo; made up of the sounds <i>ga</i>, <i>gi</i>, <i>gu</i>, <i>ge</i>,
        and <i>go</i>.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny19" onclick=""><span class="tiny_example_kana_series">がぎぐげご</span></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">GA, GI, GU, GE and GO</div>

            </div>
            </div>



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        <div class="subheading_level_1">More reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">
    Check your memory by sounding out each of the examples
    below, which use the characters we&rsquo;ve learned so far. As before,

    
            touch
        
        
        each
        word to hear the correct pronunciation.</p>

            <div class="kana_practice_table_container">
                <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="kana_practice_table">
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice17" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice17');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice17');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice17');">こうか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice18" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_gei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice18');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice18');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice18');">げい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice19" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_egaku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice19');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice19');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice19');">えがく</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice20" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kiku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice20');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice20');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice20');">きく</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice21" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_okiku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice21');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice21');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice21');">おきく</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice22" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_goki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice22');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice22');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice22');">ごき</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice23" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_akai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice23');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice23');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice23');">あかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice24" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kigi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice24');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice24');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice24');">きぎ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice25" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kigou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice25');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice25');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice25');">きごう</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice26" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_keiko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice26');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice26');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice26');">けいこ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice27" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_gikai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice27');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice27');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice27');">ぎかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice28" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_goku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice28');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice28');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice28');">ごく</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice29" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_eiga');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice29');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice29');">えいが</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice30" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_gaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice30');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice30');">がか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice31" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_guai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice31');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice31');">ぐあい</td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The s-series</div>


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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim11" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim11');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_sa.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_sa.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim12" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim12');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_shi.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_shi.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim12');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim13" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim13');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_su.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_su.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim13');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim14" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim14');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_se.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_se.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim14');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim15" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim15');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_so.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_so.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim15');</script>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">SA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">SHI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">SU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">SE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">SO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Here are the next five characters in the hiragana syllabary, the s-series. You
        might notice right away that <i>shi</i>
        appears to be the odd man out. Believe it or not, there is no sound &ldquo;si&rdquo; in the
        Japanese language.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_right">
            <div><img id="figures_sa_connected" src="figures_sa_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ll notice that <i>sa</i> looks very similar to <i>ki</i> from our last series, 
but with only one horizontal stroke instead of two. 
Just like <i>ki</i>, this character often appears in printing with the second and third strokes connected, as at the right.</p>

        <div class="illustration_floating_left">
            <div><img id="figures_so_connected" src="figures_so_connected@2x.png" /></div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">
    Another character that sometimes looks a little different is <i>so</i>.
    That first stroke is often connected to the second. In some fonts, such as the one at the left,
    it is very clearly meant to evoke trailing ink, and some people write the character this way
    by hand too. Choose whichever way feels most natural for you.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
    You might find it strange that some characters are
    written differently depending on the font. But it&rsquo;s not really that odd. We
    have something very similar in English in the letter &ldquo;a.&rdquo; In print,
    we usually see the version below on the left. But in handwriting, most of us
    use the version on the right.</p>

        <div class="illustration_box_full_width">
            <div class="illustration_stroke_withcaption"><img id="figures_aa" src="figures_aa@2x.png" class="illustration_image_withcaption" /></div>
            <div>
                <div class="illustration_caption">Which version do you prefer?</div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 11</title>

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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_sa@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    As with <i>ki</i>,
    imagine an oval sitting inside <i>sa</i>
    to help place the final stroke.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_shi@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Don&rsquo;t make <i>shi</i>
    look like a fishhook. You can avoid this by making the end of it point off at
    a 45-degree angle, not straight up.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_su@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Just as in <i>ke</i>,
    this character looks the best when the final stroke veers to the left at the
    end. Also, keep the loop nice and open. Japanese people often exaggerate it,
    so don&rsquo;t worry about making it too large.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_se@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Besides being careful about the <i>hane</i> as always, note that the first stroke runs uphill very
    slightly.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_so@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>So</i> can be a hard
    character to write nicely. One thing that can really make a difference is
    opening up that last curve. Imagine there&rsquo;s a plump oval sitting in there.
  </td>
                    </tr>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 12</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Ten-ten</i> on the s-series</div>


<p class="bodycopy">You&rsquo;ll recall that when you add <i>ten-ten</i> to the k-series, they become g-sounds. 
            Thus a <i>ka</i> with <i>ten-ten</i> becomes a <i>ga</i>.
            Think about the relationship between <i>ka</i>
            and <i>ga</i> for a moment. Besides the
            vowel being the same, what do the two sounds have in common?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The <i>ga</i> sound is
            almost exactly the same as the <i>ka</i>,
            it&rsquo;s just &ldquo;softer.&rdquo; The tongue touches the same part of the mouth -
            there&rsquo;s simply less air flow behind it. That&rsquo;s what <i>ten-ten</i> do. 
            That&rsquo;s why I called them &ldquo;softening marks&rdquo;
            earlier.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Knowing this, you should almost be able to guess what <i>ten-ten</i> 
            do on the s-series. A hard <i>sa</i> turns to a softer <i>za</i>. 
            A hard <i>se</i> turns to a softer <i>ze</i>,
            and so on.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But what about <i>shi</i>?
            The softening mark rule doesn&rsquo;t apply quite as clearly in this case, but that&rsquo;s
            because <i>shi</i> is an oddball anyway. It
            turns to <i>ji</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Therefore, the following characters, read left to right, are
            pronounced <i>za, ji, zu, ze, zo.</i></p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny20" onclick=""><span class="tiny_example_kana_series">ざじずぜぞ</span></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_divider"></div>

                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">ZA, JI, ZU, ZE and ZO</div>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 13</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Reading quiz</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Thus, although we know only 15 characters, we can now create
        25 different sounds. Put your knowledge to the test by reading through the
        following list of words and sound combinations.</p>

            <div class="kana_practice_table_container">
                <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="kana_practice_table">
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice32" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_sakai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice32');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice32');">さかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice33" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_jikae');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice33');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice33');">じかえ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice34" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_uso');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice34');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice34');">うそ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice35" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_sousa');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice35');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice35');">そうさ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice36" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_saji');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice36');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice36');">さじ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice37" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_sakae');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice37');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice37');">さかえ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice38" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_okashi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice38');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice38');">おかし</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice39" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_zakei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice39');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice39');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice39');">ざけい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice40" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ozuse');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice40');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice40');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice40');">おずせ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice41" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_sekai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice41');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice41');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice41');">せかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice42" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_uzeki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice42');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice42');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice42');">うぜき</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice43" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kaze');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice43');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice43');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice43');">かぜ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice44" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kazuko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice44');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice44');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice44');">かずこ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice45" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_zouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice45');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice45');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice45');">ぞうか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice46" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_aza');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice46');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice46');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice46');">あざ</td>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">The t-series</div>


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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim16" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim16');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ta.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            </video>
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                            </video>
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                            <video id="anim19" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim19');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_te.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_te.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim19');</script>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim20" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim20');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_to.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            </video>
                        </td>
                        <script language="javascript">allKanaAnimationItemIDs.push('anim20');</script>

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                <tr>
                    <td colspan="9" class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">TA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">4 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">CHI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">TSU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">TE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">TO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>

                </tr>

                </table>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">The next series is the t-series. In our last series, there
        was one exception of sorts, <i>shi</i>. It
        seemed like it didn&rsquo;t quite belong because it started with <i>sh</i> instead of <i>s</i> like the
        others.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In this series, we find that there are two oddballs, <i>chi</i> and <i>tsu</i>. In keeping with the other characters, we would intuitively
        expect to see <i>ti</i> (&ldquo;tea&rdquo;)
        and <i>tu</i> (&ldquo;two&rdquo;) in these
        places, but it turns out that Japanese does not have sounds that correspond to
        these. Instead, we have <i>chi</i> and <i>tsu</i>.</p>

        <div class="important">
            <div class="important_icon"><img class="important_icon_image" src="important_icon@2x.png" /></div>
            <div class="important_message">
                In modern times, thousands of words have been borrowed from other languages such as English, which do make use of the sounds "tea" and "two." So in the past twenty or thirty years, the Japanese have invented ways of expressing these sounds. However, no native Japanese words contain them.
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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 15</title>

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                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ta@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    You&rsquo;ll notice that there is a small <i>ko</i> inside this character. 
    Give the mini-<i>ko</i> the same <i>hane</i> it
    gets in its grown-up version.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_chi@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    In <i>chi</i>, be sure
    that the round part of the last stroke starts by veering up slightly, as
    shown by the arrow.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_tsu@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Tsu</i> is easy to
    remember if you imagine the breaking wave of a <i>tsunami</i>.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_te@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    Keep <i>te</i> from
    looking like a 7 by imagining that a large plump ball is sitting in the
    curve.
  </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_to@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    I think the standard way to remember <i>to</i> is to think of someone&rsquo;s big toe. If you keep that second
    stroke open enough to actually put a toe inside, it will look nice.
  </td>
                    </tr>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 16</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Ten-ten</i> on the t-series?</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Hopefully by now you&rsquo;re getting used to the idea of adding <i>ten-ten</i> to characters to get related
            sounds. When you add <i>ten-ten</i> to the
            t-series, the characters change to d-sounds. Therefore, <i>ta</i>, <i>te</i>, and <i>to</i> change to <i>da</i>, <i>de</i>, and <i>do</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But what about our oddball characters? <i>Ten-ten</i> on <i>chi</i> produces <i>ji</i>. But we can already make that sound,
            right? We normally construct <i>ji</i> by <i>shi</i> plus <i>ten-ten</i>. That&rsquo;s the standard way to represent that sound.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Tsu</i> with <i>ten-ten</i> produces <i>zu</i>. But again, we can already produce that sound by using <i>su</i> plus <i>ten-ten</i>. So in real life, it is fairly rare to see <i>ten-ten</i> on these characters. However,
            there are some sound combinations that require a softening to an existing <i>chi</i> or <i>tsu</i>, so you will see them occasionally.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To review, the following characters are pronounced <i>da</i>, <i>ji</i>,
            <i>zu</i>, <i>de</i>, <i>do</i>.</p>

            <div class="tiny_example_set">
            <div class="tiny_example">
                    <div class="tiny_example_content tiny_example_content_text_japanese tiny_example_content_not_clickable" id="tiny21" onclick=""><span class="tiny_example_kana_series">だぢづでど</span></div>

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                    <div class="tiny_example_caption">DA, JI, ZU, DE and DO</div>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Examples for your learning pleasure</div>


<p class="bodycopy">To review briefly, so far we&rsquo;ve learned four series, the a-,
        k-, s-, and t-series. <i>Ten-ten </i>can be
        applied to the latter three, which means that at this point, we can create 35
        different sounds. See how well you&rsquo;re doing by reading through the list below.</p>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice47" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_tatsu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice47');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice47');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice47');">たつ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice48" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_tsuzuki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice48');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice48');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice48');">つづき</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice49" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_itsuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice49');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice49');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice49');">いつか</td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice50" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_chikai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice50');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice50');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice50');">ちかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice51" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_dekai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice51');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice51');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice51');">でかい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice52" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_odeko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice52');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice52');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice52');">おでこ</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice53" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_tetsu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice53');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice53');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice53');">てつ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice54" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_idaku');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice54');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice54');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice54');">いだく</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice55" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ato');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice55');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice55');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice55');">あと</td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice56" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_tokui');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice56');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice56');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice56');">とくい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice57" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_tataki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice57');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice57');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice57');">たたき</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice58" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_ichigo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice58');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice58');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice58');">いちご</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice59" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kado');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice59');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice59');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice59');">かど</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice60" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice60');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice60');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice60');">です</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice61" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_uta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice61');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice61');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice61');">うた</td>

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                            <video id="anim21" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim21');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_na.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <video id="anim22" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim22');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ni.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <video id="anim23" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim23');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_nu.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <video id="anim24" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim24');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_ne.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
                                <source src="hiragana_ne.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
                            </video>
                        </td>
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                        <td class="kana_animation_cell">
                            <video id="anim25" ontouchend="toggleVideoPlayback('anim25');" class="kana_character" poster="hiragana_no.png" playsinline="" webkit-playsinline="">
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                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">NA</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">4 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">NI</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">3 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">NU</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">NE</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">2 strokes</div>
                        </td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_animation_cell_caption">
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_name">NO</div>
                            <div class="kana_animation_cell_strokes">1 stroke</div>
                        </td>

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<p class="bodycopy">The n-series is the last series of this chapter. Pay close
        attention to the loops at the ends of <i>nu</i>
        and <i>ne</i>, because there are characters
        that look exactly the same, only without the loops.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ten-ten</i> cannot be
        applied to the characters in this series. That&rsquo;s a good thing, because it&rsquo;s
        hard to imagine what effect the &ldquo;softening marks&rdquo; would have on sounds
        that are already pronounced through the nose.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As a tip on practicing writing these, you may find it
        helpful to use graph paper or some other type of paper that is divided into
        squares. Always try to make each character take up the space of one even square.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
Feel free to download and print out this practice sheet. Practicing your hiragana with 
a real pencil and paper will really help you to learn them.
</p>

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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_na@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    When writing this character, note that the third stroke
    veers to the right ever so slightly. If you swing it out just
    a bit there, it makes a big difference in the balance of the character.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ni@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Ni</i> is similar to
    <i>ta</i> in that the last two strokes
    should not be quite parallel. Taking this one simple precaution really helps
    the look of this character.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_nu@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    My main advice for <i>nu</i>
    is that you make the first stroke long enough that the second will intersect
    it and leave a little hanging over, as I&rsquo;ve shown in red.
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_ne@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    <i>Ne</i> doesn&rsquo;t look
    good when people confuse it with <i>nu</i>
    and make the first stroke diagonal. Bring it straight down, nice and strong. 
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                        <td><img src="tips_hiragana_no@2x.png" class="kana_tips_table_character" /></td>
                        <td class="kana_tips_table_tip">
    The main thing to notice in <i>no</i> is how perfect an oval it is. When you lift up your pencil at
    the end, you should be able to see little dashed lines in your imagination
    that close the circle.
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">More reading practice</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Now challenge yourself to read the total of 40 sounds we can
        now construct!</p>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice62" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_onaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice62');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice62');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice62');">おなか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice63" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nigai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice63');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice63');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice63');">にがい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice64" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nuno');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice64');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice64');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice64');">ぬの</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice65" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nanika');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice65');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice65');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice65');">なにか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice66" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_shinu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice66');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice66');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice66');">しぬ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice67" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nanashi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice67');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice67');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice67');">ななし</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice68" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice68');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice68');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice68');">のうか</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice69" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_netsu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice69');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice69');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice69');">ねつ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice70" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nishiki');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice70');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice70');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice70');">にしき</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                <tr>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice71" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_kinu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice71');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice71');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice71');">きぬ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice72" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nochini');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice72');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice72');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice72');">のちに</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice73" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nuguu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice73');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice73');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice73');">ぬぐう</td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="5"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>

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                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice74" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_neko');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice74');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice74');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice74');">ねこ</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice75" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nagai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice75');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice75');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice75');">ながい</td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_divider" colspan="1"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="kana_practice_table_cell" id="kanaPractice76" onclick="playSound('Hiragana1_nuudo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('kanaPractice76');" ontouchend="turnOff('kanaPractice76');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('kanaPractice76');">ぬうど</td>

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    <title>Hiragana, Part 1 21</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">That wraps up the first 25 characters. In this chapter, we 
learned the a-, k-, s-, t-, and n-series. We also learned about <i>ten-ten</i> (technically
called <i>dakuten</i>), which &ldquo;soften&rdquo; the k-, s-, and t-sounds, giving us the ability to
represent a total of 40 different sounds.
You are now reading and writing in a totally new writing system. Congratulations on your excellent work so far!
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Before moving on, take a quick trip through my friendly chapter review to be sure you&rsquo;ve got things nailed.
Also try the hiragana matching game, which is a twist on the classic memory card game. In this version, 
match a hiragana character to its reading to earn stars and experience points.
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<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll take a brief cultural aside 
        on the geography of Japan to give your brain a chance to recover. Then we&rsquo;ll take on the
        remaining 21 hiragana characters and learn about a few special combinations. Onward ho!</p>
    
          
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