208     1498    1706    10897   12603   2849    15452   7660    23112   3182    26294   6876    33170   6077    39247   6366    45613   5174    50787   7305    58092   6466    64558   7073    71631   2910    <!DOCTYPE html>
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    <title>Friends and Family 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 26</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Friends and Family</div>
        <div class="blurb">Language is really all about relationships. Relationships
between words, relationships between concepts, and relationships between things
in the world around us. And of course, one of the things we use these language
constructs for the most is to talk about the relationships between people. In
this vocabulary building lesson, we&rsquo;ll be learning about how to describe all
the people in your life.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">To begin, take a look at our first vocabulary list on the next page.</p>


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        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v353_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v353_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v353_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v353_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_otousan');"><span class="nw">おとうさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">Dad / your dad</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v354_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v354_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v354_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v354_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_okaasan');"><span class="nw">おかあさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">Mom / your mom</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v355_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v355_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v355_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v355_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_chichi');"><span class="nw">ちち</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my dad</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v356_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v356_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v356_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v356_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_haha');"><span class="nw">はは</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">my mom</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v357_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v357_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v357_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v357_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_oniisan');"><span class="nw">おにいさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">your older brother</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v358_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v358_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v358_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v358_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_oneesan');"><span class="nw">おねえさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">your older sister</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v359_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v359_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v359_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v359_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ani');"><span class="nw">あに</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my older brother</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v360_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v360_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v360_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v360_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ane');"><span class="nw">あね</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">my older sister</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v361_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v361_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v361_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v361_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_otoutosan');"><span class="nw">おとうとさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">your younger brother</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v362_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v362_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v362_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v362_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_imoutosan');"><span class="nw">いもうとさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">your younger sister</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v363_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v363_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v363_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v363_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_otouto');"><span class="nw">おとうと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my younger brother</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v364_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v364_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v364_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v364_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_imouto');"><span class="nw">いもうと</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">my younger sister</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v365_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v365_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v365_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v365_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_-chan');"><span class="nw">～ちゃん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">(diminuitive name suffix)</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy">At first blush, Japanese appears a lot more involved than
        English when it comes to addressing and referring to members of your family.
        First, there are two words for each family member here, and secondly, we have
        to go to the trouble of distinguishing between older and younger siblings.</p>


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    <title>Friends and Family 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">However, the fact that there are two words for each family
        member actually has a close analogue in English. For example, consider the
        following two sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">I saw Dad today at the station.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">I saw my dad today at the station.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Who is the first sentence spoken to? It must be someone
        inside the family, someone for whom &ldquo;Dad&rdquo; has a specific meaning. It would
        sound awkward if spoken to, say, a colleague at work.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">What about the second sentence? Adding the &ldquo;my&rdquo; implies that
        the speaker and the listener do not have the same relationship with the &ldquo;dad.&rdquo;
        You would certainly not use this sentence when speaking to a sibling.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So we see that English makes the same subtle distinction as
        Japanese. When speaking to people outside your family about your family
        members, use the words that start with &ldquo;my&rdquo; in the vocabulary list. For people
        inside the family circle, use the others.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For example, when referring to your father while talking to
        someone from outside your family, use <i>chichi</i>,
        not <i>Otousan</i>. Inside the family, or in
        direct address to your father, use <i>Otousan</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As you can see in the vocab list, Japanese distinguishes
        between older and younger siblings. Each word also has a &ldquo;my&rdquo; form and an
        intimate form, just like with the words for the parents.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">In the family, younger siblings usually refer to their older
        siblings by title, instead of by name. So the younger siblings will use <i>Oniisan</i> and <i>Oneesan</i>, or more often, <i>Oniichan</i>
        and <i>Oneechan</i>, the <i>-chan</i> being an intimate version of <i>-san</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Older siblings, on the other hand, refer to younger siblings
        directly by first name. This is a result of the very strong hierarchy that
        exists in Japanese relationships. The junior member in any relationship must be
        more polite than the senior member, and using titles is more polite than using
        names.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s look at the extended family.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v366_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v366_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v366_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v366_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ojiisan');"><span class="nw">おじいさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">grandfather</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v367_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v367_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v367_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v367_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_obaasan');"><span class="nw">おばあさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">grandmother</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v368_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v368_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v368_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v368_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ojiichan');"><span class="nw">おじいちゃん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">grandpa</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v369_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v369_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v369_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v369_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_obaachan');"><span class="nw">おばあちゃん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">grandma</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v370_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v370_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v370_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v370_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ojisan');"><span class="nw">おじさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">uncle</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v371_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v371_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v371_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v371_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_obasan');"><span class="nw">おばさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">aunt</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v372_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v372_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v372_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v372_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_itoko');"><span class="nw">いとこ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">cousin</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v373_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v373_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v373_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v373_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_tomodachi');"><span class="nw">ともだち</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">friend</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>Friends and Family 5</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ojisan</i> and <i>Obasan</i>: To prevent confusion between these words
        for &ldquo;uncle&rdquo; and &ldquo;aunt&rdquo; and the close-sounding words for &ldquo;grandpa&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;grandma,&rdquo; be careful to give only one &ldquo;beat&rdquo; to the <i>ji</i> and <i>ba</i> syllables.
        And when pronouncing the words for &ldquo;grandpa&rdquo;
        and &ldquo;grandma,&rdquo; go out of your way to emphasize the long vowel. </p>

<p class="bodycopy">These four words, <i>Ojiisan</i>,
        <i>Obaasan</i>, <i>Ojisan</i>, and <i>Obasan</i> can
        all be used to refer to one&rsquo;s own relatives, or those of someone else. There
        are no distinct &ldquo;my&rdquo; forms as there were in the first list.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Be careful with the word <i>-chan</i>.
        It&rsquo;s an intimate suffix, but it&rsquo;s also a diminuitive suffix. It&rsquo;s a little like
        the suffix <i>-y</i> in English. Imagine you
        meet a person who introduces himself as Jim. At what point would you feel
        comfortable calling him Jimmy? What would his reaction be if he hadn&rsquo;t
        explicitly given you permission to call him that?</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>-Chan</i> feels very similar. 
        And although grandpa and grandma can be called <i>Ojiichan</i> and <i>Obaachan</i>, it
        feels disrespectful to call your parents <i>Otouchan</i>
        and <i>Okaachan</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">One of the strangest, and possibly the quaintest, things
        about Japanese, is that the words for &ldquo;grandpa,&rdquo; &ldquo;grandma,&rdquo; &ldquo;uncle,&rdquo; &ldquo;aunt,&rdquo;
        &ldquo;older brother,&rdquo; and &ldquo;older sister,&rdquo; can all be used to address or describe
        people that are not related to you at all. </p>

<p class="bodycopy">Imagine you&rsquo;re walking down the street and you notice an old
        man drop his wallet. To get his
        attention, you could simply call out <i>Ojiisan!</i>
        &ldquo;Grandpa!&rdquo; Anyone who is in the general
        age of a grandfather can be addressed with this word, and it&rsquo;s not at all
        disrespectful (as long as the person clearly falls into that age group).</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Similarly, you can use <i>ojisan</i>
        and <i>obasan</i> to describe or address
        anyone who looks between the ages of, say, 40 and 60. If the person is not
        clearly in the <i>Ojiisan</i> / <i>Obaasan</i> catetgory, it&rsquo;s better to err on
        the side of caution and use these words.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">And when talking about the checkout girl or bag boy at a
        supermarket, people will often call them <i>Suupaamaaketto
        no Oneesan</i> / <i>Oniisan</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">What about the words for one&rsquo;s spouse?</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v374_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v374_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v374_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v374_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_shujin');"><span class="nw">しゅじん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my husband</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v375_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v375_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v375_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v375_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_goshujin');"><span class="nw">ごしゅじん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">your husband</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v376_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v376_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v376_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v376_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_danna');"><span class="nw">だんな</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my husband</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v377_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v377_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v377_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v377_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_dannasan');"><span class="nw">だんなさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">your husband</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v378_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v378_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v378_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v378_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_tsuma');"><span class="nw">つま</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">my wife</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v379_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v379_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v379_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v379_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_okusan');"><span class="nw">おくさん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">your wife</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy">There are essentially two words for &ldquo;husband.&rdquo; The formal
        words to refer to someone else&rsquo;s husband are formed by adding
        <i>Go</i> (an honorific prefix just like <i>O</i>) and <i>-san</i>.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
        In my informal polling, the women I know prefer <i>danna</i> and <i>danna-san</i> when speaking in more
        casual situations, and <i>shujin</i> and <i>go-shujin</i> in more formal ones.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Tsuma</i> is the ordinary way to mean &ldquo;my wife,&rdquo; 
        and <i>Okusan</i> refers to someone else&rsquo;s wife.
</p>


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    <title>Friends and Family 7</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">To put all these words in context, let&rsquo;s examine some
        example sentences.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a family member, regarding a family member:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s329" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_okaasanha-dokoni-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s329');" ontouchend="turnOff('s329');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s329');"><span class="nw">おかあさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b329" onclick="showTranslation('b329', 't329');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b329');" ontouchend="turnOff('b329');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b329');">(show translation)</span><span id="t329" style="display:none;">Where is Mom?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s330" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_otousanha-bangohanwo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s330');" ontouchend="turnOff('s330');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s330');"><span class="nw">おとうさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ばんごはんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b330" onclick="showTranslation('b330', 't330');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b330');" ontouchend="turnOff('b330');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b330');">(show translation)</span><span id="t330" style="display:none;">Dad ate dinner.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s331" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_obasanha-dokoni-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s331');" ontouchend="turnOff('s331');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s331');"><span class="nw">おばさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b331" onclick="showTranslation('b331', 't331');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b331');" ontouchend="turnOff('b331');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b331');">(show translation)</span><span id="t331" style="display:none;">Where did Auntie go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s332" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_oneesanha-heyani-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s332');" ontouchend="turnOff('s332');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s332');"><span class="nw">おねえさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">へやに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b332" onclick="showTranslation('b332', 't332');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b332');" ontouchend="turnOff('b332');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b332');">(show translation)</span><span id="t332" style="display:none;">Big Sister is in her room.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Friends and Family 8</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a friend, regarding one&rsquo;s own family members:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s333" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_chichiha-ieni-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s333');" ontouchend="turnOff('s333');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s333');"><span class="nw">ちちは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b333" onclick="showTranslation('b333', 't333');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b333');" ontouchend="turnOff('b333');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b333');">(show translation)</span><span id="t333" style="display:none;">My dad is in the house.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s334" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_hahaha-ekini-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s334');" ontouchend="turnOff('s334');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s334');"><span class="nw">ははは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えきに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b334" onclick="showTranslation('b334', 't334');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b334');" ontouchend="turnOff('b334');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b334');">(show translation)</span><span id="t334" style="display:none;">My mom went to the station.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s335" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_imoutoha-gakkouni-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s335');" ontouchend="turnOff('s335');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s335');"><span class="nw">いもうとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b335" onclick="showTranslation('b335', 't335');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b335');" ontouchend="turnOff('b335');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b335');">(show translation)</span><span id="t335" style="display:none;">My little sister went to school.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s336" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_aniga-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s336');" ontouchend="turnOff('s336');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s336');"><span class="nw">あにが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b336" onclick="showTranslation('b336', 't336');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b336');" ontouchend="turnOff('b336');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b336');">(show translation)</span><span id="t336" style="display:none;">I like my big brother.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Here, it is clear that the speaker is talking about her own
        relatives. She uses <i>haha</i> and <i>chichi</i>, which
        cannot be used to refer to the listener&rsquo;s parents. And the last two examples use the non-polite
        versions of the words for &ldquo;younger sister&rdquo; and &ldquo;older brother,&rdquo; so again, the
        speaker must be referring to her own relatives.</p>


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    <title>Friends and Family 9</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
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<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a friend, regarding their family members:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s337" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kyou,okaasanha-kokoni-kimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s337');" ontouchend="turnOff('s337');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s337');"><span class="nw">きょう、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おかあさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ここに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b337" onclick="showTranslation('b337', 't337');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b337');" ontouchend="turnOff('b337');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b337');">(show translation)</span><span id="t337" style="display:none;">Will your mom come here today?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s338" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_otoutosanha-kinou-gakkouni-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s338');" ontouchend="turnOff('s338');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s338');"><span class="nw">おとうとさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きのう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b338" onclick="showTranslation('b338', 't338');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b338');" ontouchend="turnOff('b338');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b338');">(show translation)</span><span id="t338" style="display:none;">Did your little brother go to school yesterday?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s339" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_oneesanha-dokoni-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s339');" ontouchend="turnOff('s339');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s339');"><span class="nw">おねえさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b339" onclick="showTranslation('b339', 't339');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b339');" ontouchend="turnOff('b339');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b339');">(show translation)</span><span id="t339" style="display:none;">Where is your big sister?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">There is some ambiguity about the relationship between the
        speaker and listener in these sentences, but the second one is clear. <i>Otouto-san</i> can only refer to someone
        else&rsquo;s little brother.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a friend regarding their spouse:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s340" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_goshujinha-sushiga-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s340');" ontouchend="turnOff('s340');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s340');"><span class="nw">ごしゅじんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b340" onclick="showTranslation('b340', 't340');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b340');" ontouchend="turnOff('b340');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b340');">(show translation)</span><span id="t340" style="display:none;">Does your husband like sushi?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s341" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_okusanha-doko-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s341');" ontouchend="turnOff('s341');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s341');"><span class="nw">おくさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b341" onclick="showTranslation('b341', 't341');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b341');" ontouchend="turnOff('b341');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b341');">(show translation)</span><span id="t341" style="display:none;">Where is your wife?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s342" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_dannasanha-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s342');" ontouchend="turnOff('s342');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s342');"><span class="nw">だんなさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b342" onclick="showTranslation('b342', 't342');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b342');" ontouchend="turnOff('b342');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b342');">(show translation)</span><span id="t342" style="display:none;">Did your husband go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a friend regarding one&rsquo;s own spouse:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s343" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_tsumaha-daigakuni-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s343');" ontouchend="turnOff('s343');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s343');"><span class="nw">つまは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">だいがくに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b343" onclick="showTranslation('b343', 't343');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b343');" ontouchend="turnOff('b343');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b343');">(show translation)</span><span id="t343" style="display:none;">My wife is at college.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s344" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kyou-shujinha-kimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s344');" ontouchend="turnOff('s344');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s344');"><span class="nw">きょう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しゅじんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b344" onclick="showTranslation('b344', 't344');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b344');" ontouchend="turnOff('b344');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b344');">(show translation)</span><span id="t344" style="display:none;">My husband won&rsquo;t come today.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">Spoken to a friend, regarding someone not related at all:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s345" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ano-oneesanga-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s345');" ontouchend="turnOff('s345');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s345');"><span class="nw">あの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おねえさんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b345" onclick="showTranslation('b345', 't345');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b345');" ontouchend="turnOff('b345');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b345');">(show translation)</span><span id="t345" style="display:none;">I like that (twenty-something) girl.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s346" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_ano-ojiisanha-dokoni-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s346');" ontouchend="turnOff('s346');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s346');"><span class="nw">あの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おじいさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b346" onclick="showTranslation('b346', 't346');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b346');" ontouchend="turnOff('b346');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b346');">(show translation)</span><span id="t346" style="display:none;">Where did that old man go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Finally, let&rsquo;s learn two more important words.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v380_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v380_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v380_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v380_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kare');"><span class="nw">かれ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">he / boyfriend</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v381_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v381_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v381_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v381_col1');" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kanojo');"><span class="nw">かのじょ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">her / girlfriend</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy">These words mean &ldquo;boyfriend&rdquo; and &ldquo;girlfriend,&rdquo; but they can
        also sometimes mean &ldquo;he&rdquo; and &ldquo;she.&rdquo; One of the reasons for this overloading is
        that Japanese really doesn&rsquo;t have true pronouns like we do in English. Even the
        words for &ldquo;you&rdquo; and &ldquo;I&rdquo; are just approximations. <i>Anata</i> literally means something like &ldquo;in that direction.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s an
        indirect way of indicating the listener. It&rsquo;s as if the speaker is too humble
        to point directly at the listener and instead uses a euphemism.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy"><i>Kare</i> literally
        means &ldquo;that one,&rdquo; and <i>kanojo</i> is the
        female equivalent. As we&rsquo;ve seen so far, pronouns are not often used in
        Japanese. Instead of words like &ldquo;he&rdquo; and &ldquo;she,&rdquo; constructions like <i>sono hito </i>(&ldquo;that person&rdquo;) are usually
        preferred. But, possibly because of the influence of English, <i>kare</i> and <i>kanojo</i> 
        are established as the standard equivalents of &ldquo;he&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;she,&rdquo; and they are occasionally used that way, especially when mechanically translating
        English. More often, however, they are used to mean &ldquo;boyfriend&rdquo; and &ldquo;girlfriend,&rdquo;
        but these are also indirect (that is, not literal) references.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Here are some examples of people talking about significant
        others.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s347" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kanojoga-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s347');" ontouchend="turnOff('s347');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s347');"><span class="nw">かのじょが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b347" onclick="showTranslation('b347', 't347');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b347');" ontouchend="turnOff('b347');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b347');">(show translation)</span><span id="t347" style="display:none;">Is there a girlfriend? = Do you have a girlfriend?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s348" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_kareno-okaasanga-suki-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s348');" ontouchend="turnOff('s348');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s348');"><span class="nw">かれの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おかあさんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b348" onclick="showTranslation('b348', 't348');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b348');" ontouchend="turnOff('b348');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b348');">(show translation)</span><span id="t348" style="display:none;">I don&rsquo;t like my boyfriend&rsquo;s mom.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s349" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_marikosanha-JONsanno-kanojo--desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s349');" ontouchend="turnOff('s349');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s349');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かのじょ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b349" onclick="showTranslation('b349', 't349');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b349');" ontouchend="turnOff('b349');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b349');">(show translation)</span><span id="t349" style="display:none;">Mariko is John&rsquo;s girlfriend.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-friendsfamily-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s350" onclick="playSound('FriendsFamily_senshuu-kareto-yamani-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s350');" ontouchend="turnOff('s350');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s350');"><span class="nw">せんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かれと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">やまに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b350" onclick="showTranslation('b350', 't350');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b350');" ontouchend="turnOff('b350');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b350');">(show translation)</span><span id="t350" style="display:none;">I went to the mountains with my boyfriend last week.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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    <title>Friends and Family 13</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned the words to describe our
        friends and family. We learned about the distinctions Japanese makes among
        younger and older siblings (for example, <i>imouto</i> versus <i>oneesan</i>), 
        and between one&rsquo;s own family and that of others 
        (for example, <i>chichi</i> to mean &ldquo;my father&rdquo; when speaking to others,
        versus <i>otousan</i> when speaking inside the family or directly to him).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We also learned the words for &ldquo;he&rdquo; and &ldquo;she,&rdquo; <i>kare</i> and <i>kanojo</i>.
        We saw that, because of the Japanese tendency to simply omit subjects that are already established,
        these words are not frequently used for that purpose, which frees them up for other uses.
        More commonly, these words mean &ldquo;boyfriend&rdquo; and &ldquo;girlfriend.&rdquo; We saw that, to ask if someone &ldquo;has&rdquo;
        a boyfriend or girlfriend, we simply ask if there &ldquo;is&rdquo; one. For example, <i>Kanojo ga imasu ka</i> means
        &ldquo;Do you have a girlfriend?&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Becoming fluent in the language of relations can take some
        time, especially when there are important subtle distinctions like the
        relationship of the speaker and listener to the subject. But given a little 
        real-life practice, and perhaps some humorous mistakes and funny looks, you&rsquo;ll get it.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Have a quick review using the quizzes below before heading on.</p>

        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('grammar_friendsfamily');"><img src="button_chapter_review@2x.png" /></div></div>


        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('vocab_friendsfamily');"><img src="button_vocab_quiz@2x.png" /></div></div>


<p class="bodycopy">In our next lesson, we&rsquo;ll learn about getting out and having some fun.</p>

    
          
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