192     2553    2745    5555    8300    6368    14668   8649    23317   5902    29219   6795    36014   7410    43424   6405    49829   3992    53821   6751    60572   4241    64813   3174    <!DOCTYPE html>
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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 25</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Existence and <i>Ni</i></div>
        <div class="blurb">One of the challenging but mind-expanding things when learning
        a language is to discover the aspects where one language distinguishes
        carefully between two subtly different concepts, but the other does not. For
        example, we&rsquo;ve seen how English meticulously specifies for plural and singular
        nouns, whereas Japanese has virtually no such concept. In this lesson, we&rsquo;ll be
        looking at a case where Japanese makes some fine-grained distinctions that aren&rsquo;t
        obvious in English when it comes to existence.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">Take a look at the following two sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Algernon is a mouse.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">There is a mouse {in the kitchen}.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">They both use the same verb, &ldquo;is.&rdquo; However, the verb is
        doing two very different things. In the first example, we are saying that Algernon
        is a member of the category &ldquo;mouse.&rdquo; But in the second sentence, we are
        introducing the listener to the <i>existence</i>
        of the mouse (and optionally indicating where it is).</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">At first glance, it appears that we treat these two types of
        sentences in the same way in English, because we use the same verb. However,
        there is a subtle difference. In English, to indicate existence, we always use
        the word &ldquo;here,&rdquo; &ldquo;there,&rdquo; or &ldquo;where&rdquo; along with the verb <i>to be</i>. For example:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Long ago, <b>there was</b> an old man in the north of Japan.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><b>There are</b> three cats outside.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><b>Here is</b> my favorite shirt.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><b>Where is</b> the Statue of Liberty?</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">So we make a distinction in English between the two kinds of
        sentences, although we use the same verb. Japanese makes this distinction much
        more obviously. The verb
        <i>desu</i>, which we know as the verb <i>to be</i>, is not used in this kind of
        sentence. Instead, there are two special verbs for it.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="33%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header" width="33%">-Te Form</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="34%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v349_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v349_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v349_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v349_col1');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_arimasu');"><span class="nw">あります</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v349_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v349_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v349_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v349_col2');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_atte');"><span class="nw">あって</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to exist (inanimate)</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v350_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v350_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v350_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v350_col1');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_imasu');"><span class="nw">います</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v350_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v350_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v350_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v350_col2');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ite');"><span class="nw">いて</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to exist (animate)</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">Japanese makes a further distinction, between animate and
        inanimate objects. So the birds and the bees get <i>imasu</i>, 
        but the flowers, rocks, and trees get <i>arimasu</i>.

Note that the distinction is not based on whether the thing is technically alive (as a flower certainly is),
but whether it is &ldquo;animate,&rdquo; capable of moving on its own.

</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">The structure is very simple. <i>X ga arimasu / imasu</i> means &ldquo;There is an X.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The <i>ga</i> you see
        here is the same <i>ga</i> we&rsquo;ve seen in the
        <i>X ga suki desu</i> pattern. We&rsquo;ll be
        looking at exactly what this particle does a couple lessons from now. For the
        moment, just memorize the pattern above. Here are some example sentences that
        use the pattern:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s297" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_mizuumiga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s297');" ontouchend="turnOff('s297');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s297');"><span class="nw">みずうみが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b297" onclick="showTranslation('b297', 't297');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b297');" ontouchend="turnOff('b297');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b297');">(show translation)</span><span id="t297" style="display:none;">There is a lake.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s298" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_toriga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s298');" ontouchend="turnOff('s298');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s298');"><span class="nw">とりが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b298" onclick="showTranslation('b298', 't298');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b298');" ontouchend="turnOff('b298');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b298');">(show translation)</span><span id="t298" style="display:none;">There is a bird.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s299" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_umaga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s299');" ontouchend="turnOff('s299');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s299');"><span class="nw">うまが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b299" onclick="showTranslation('b299', 't299');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b299');" ontouchend="turnOff('b299');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b299');">(show translation)</span><span id="t299" style="display:none;">There is a horse.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s300" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ishiga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s300');" ontouchend="turnOff('s300');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s300');"><span class="nw">いしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b300" onclick="showTranslation('b300', 't300');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b300');" ontouchend="turnOff('b300');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b300');">(show translation)</span><span id="t300" style="display:none;">There is a rock.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Keep in mind that, because Japanese nouns can be either
        singular or plural, the above sentences could also just as easily mean, &ldquo;There
        are lakes,&rdquo; &ldquo;There are birds,&rdquo; and so on. To keep things simple in this lesson,
        I will choose one or the other for my translations, but remember that without
        further qualification, both are valid translations.</p>


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    <title>Existence and Ni 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Naturally, we can change the tense of the verb to create a
        few variations:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s301" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_nekoga-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s301');" ontouchend="turnOff('s301');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s301');"><span class="nw">ねこが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b301" onclick="showTranslation('b301', 't301');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b301');" ontouchend="turnOff('b301');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b301');">(show translation)</span><span id="t301" style="display:none;">There was a cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s302" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_kawaga-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s302');" ontouchend="turnOff('s302');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s302');"><span class="nw">かわが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b302" onclick="showTranslation('b302', 't302');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b302');" ontouchend="turnOff('b302');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b302');">(show translation)</span><span id="t302" style="display:none;">There isn&rsquo;t a river. = There is no river.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s303" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_kiga-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s303');" ontouchend="turnOff('s303');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s303');"><span class="nw">きが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b303" onclick="showTranslation('b303', 't303');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b303');" ontouchend="turnOff('b303');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b303');">(show translation)</span><span id="t303" style="display:none;">There wasn&rsquo;t a tree. = There were no trees.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">If we want, we can add a time element in the front to create
        some longer, more descriptive sentences.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s304" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_kotoshi-toriga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s304');" ontouchend="turnOff('s304');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s304');"><span class="nw">ことし　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">とりが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b304" onclick="showTranslation('b304', 't304');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b304');" ontouchend="turnOff('b304');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b304');">(show translation)</span><span id="t304" style="display:none;">There are birds this year.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s305" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_senshuu-kono-kawaga-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s305');" ontouchend="turnOff('s305');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s305');"><span class="nw">せんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かわが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b305" onclick="showTranslation('b305', 't305');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b305');" ontouchend="turnOff('b305');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b305');">(show translation)</span><span id="t305" style="display:none;">This river was not here last week.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s306" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_sengetsu-senseiga-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s306');" ontouchend="turnOff('s306');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s306');"><span class="nw">せんげつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせいが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b306" onclick="showTranslation('b306', 't306');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b306');" ontouchend="turnOff('b306');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b306');">(show translation)</span><span id="t306" style="display:none;">The teacher was here last month.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Existence and Ni 5</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Locative <i>ni</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Now, perhaps you&rsquo;ve noticed something. It&rsquo;s nice to say that
        something exists, but it feels half-finished not to specify where it is. When I
        say, &ldquo;There is...a house...&rdquo; the listener patiently waits for the location, &ldquo;...in New Orleans.&rdquo; (The
        listener then joins me for a rousing chorus of <i>House of the Rising Sun</i>.)</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We can accomplish this in Japanese with a particle we&rsquo;ve met
        once before, <i>ni</i>. Grammatical-types
        like to call this &ldquo;locative <i>ni</i>&rdquo; (pronounced &ldquo;LOCK-a-tive&rdquo;)
        because it helps us tag locations. When used this way, it translates as &ldquo;at&rdquo; or
        &ldquo;in.&rdquo; Here are some examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s307" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_nihonni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s307');" ontouchend="turnOff('s307');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s307');"><span class="nw">にほんに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b307" onclick="showTranslation('b307', 't307');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b307');" ontouchend="turnOff('b307');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b307');">(show translation)</span><span id="t307" style="display:none;">in Japan</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s308" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_AMERIKAni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s308');" ontouchend="turnOff('s308');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s308');"><span class="nw">アメリカに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b308" onclick="showTranslation('b308', 't308');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b308');" ontouchend="turnOff('b308');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b308');">(show translation)</span><span id="t308" style="display:none;">in America</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s309" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_watashino-kurumani');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s309');" ontouchend="turnOff('s309');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s309');"><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるまに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b309" onclick="showTranslation('b309', 't309');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b309');" ontouchend="turnOff('b309');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b309');">(show translation)</span><span id="t309" style="display:none;">In / at my car</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s310" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_gakkouni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s310');" ontouchend="turnOff('s310');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s310');"><span class="nw">がっこうに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b310" onclick="showTranslation('b310', 't310');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b310');" ontouchend="turnOff('b310');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b310');">(show translation)</span><span id="t310" style="display:none;">At school</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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<p class="bodycopy">A phrase you mark with <i>ni</i>
        then becomes a self-contained package that you can drop into a sentence
        wherever you like. Check out the following sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s311" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_nihonni-sushiga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s311');" ontouchend="turnOff('s311');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s311');"><span class="nw">にほんに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b311" onclick="showTranslation('b311', 't311');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b311');" ontouchend="turnOff('b311');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b311');">(show translation)</span><span id="t311" style="display:none;">There is sushi in Japan.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s312" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_kouenni-hanaga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s312');" ontouchend="turnOff('s312');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s312');"><span class="nw">こうえんに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">はなが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b312" onclick="showTranslation('b312', 't312');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b312');" ontouchend="turnOff('b312');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b312');">(show translation)</span><span id="t312" style="display:none;">There are flowers in the park.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s313" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ishiga-asokoni-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s313');" ontouchend="turnOff('s313');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s313');"><span class="nw">いしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あそこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b313" onclick="showTranslation('b313', 't313');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b313');" ontouchend="turnOff('b313');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b313');">(show translation)</span><span id="t313" style="display:none;">There are rocks over there.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s314" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_daidokoroni-inuga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s314');" ontouchend="turnOff('s314');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s314');"><span class="nw">だいどころに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いぬが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b314" onclick="showTranslation('b314', 't314');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b314');" ontouchend="turnOff('b314');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b314');">(show translation)</span><span id="t314" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a dog in the kitchen!</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">If you get hung up on any of these sentences, the key is to
        remove elements and see what happens to the sentence. For example, say you&rsquo;re
        having difficulty with that last one: <b><i>Daidokoro ni inu ga imasu.</i></b></p>

<p class="bodycopy">First, we break it at the particles to get <b><i>Daidokoro ni / inu ga / imasu.</i></b></p>

<p class="bodycopy">If we take out the first unit, we get the simpler <b><i>Inu ga imasu.</i></b> &ldquo;There is a dog.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Where is the dog? We would need a <i>ni</i> phrase to tell us that, and what do you know? 
        We have one&mdash;<i>daidokoro ni</i>&mdash;the dog is &ldquo;in the
        kitchen.&rdquo;</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Questions with <i>doko</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Now that we know how to say where things are, we can ask
        about the location of things using the interrogative <i>doko</i>. As before, we use <i>doko</i>
        exactly where we want the speaker to substitute the appropriate answer in the
        response. Take a look at the following sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s315" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_senseiha-dokoni-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s315');" ontouchend="turnOff('s315');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s315');"><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b315" onclick="showTranslation('b315', 't315');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b315');" ontouchend="turnOff('b315');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b315');">(show translation)</span><span id="t315" style="display:none;">Where is the teacher?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s316" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_senseiha-kokoni-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s316');" ontouchend="turnOff('s316');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s316');"><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ここに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b316" onclick="showTranslation('b316', 't316');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b316');" ontouchend="turnOff('b316');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b316');">(show translation)</span><span id="t316" style="display:none;">The teacher is here.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s317" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_marikosanha-dokoni-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s317');" ontouchend="turnOff('s317');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s317');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b317" onclick="showTranslation('b317', 't317');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b317');" ontouchend="turnOff('b317');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b317');">(show translation)</span><span id="t317" style="display:none;">Where is Mariko?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s318" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_marikosanha-ekini-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s318');" ontouchend="turnOff('s318');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s318');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えきに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b318" onclick="showTranslation('b318', 't318');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b318');" ontouchend="turnOff('b318');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b318');">(show translation)</span><span id="t318" style="display:none;">Mariko is at the station.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">You may wonder why we&rsquo;re suddenly using <i>wa</i> instead of <i>ga</i> in
        these sentences. We&rsquo;ll be looking at <i>ga</i> in greater detail when we introduce it
        properly, but briefly, they serve much the same purpose except that <i>wa</i> expects that
        the listener is already familiar with the topic. So if I say <i>sensei ga</i>, the
        feel is &ldquo;a teacher,&rdquo; but if I say <i>sensei wa</i>, the feel is &ldquo;<u>the</u> teacher,&rdquo;
        that is, the one we&rsquo;re both familiar with.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So now we can revise the formula we discussed earlier. 
<i>X ga imasu / arimasu</i> means &ldquo;There is an X.&rdquo; But if we&rsquo;re not introducing the existence of
X but just saying where it is, we can say <i>X wa Y ni imasu/arimasu</i> to mean &ldquo;X is at location Y.&rdquo;
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You can understand this by breaking it down as: &ldquo;As for X...it is at location Y.&rdquo;
So if we say <i>Watashi wa Nihon ni imasu</i>, it means &ldquo;As for me...I am in Japan.&rdquo;


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<p class="bodycopy">Getting back to asking where things are, we can do the same thing for inanimate objects,
using <i>arimasu</i> instead:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s319" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_mizuumiha-dokoni-arimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s319');" ontouchend="turnOff('s319');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s319');"><span class="nw">みずうみは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b319" onclick="showTranslation('b319', 't319');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b319');" ontouchend="turnOff('b319');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b319');">(show translation)</span><span id="t319" style="display:none;">Where is the lake?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s320" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_gakkouha-dokoni-arimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s320');" ontouchend="turnOff('s320');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s320');"><span class="nw">がっこうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b320" onclick="showTranslation('b320', 't320');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b320');" ontouchend="turnOff('b320');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b320');">(show translation)</span><span id="t320" style="display:none;">Where is the school?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">As you might imagine, this kind of sentence is used very frequently.
As a result, the ending is often abbreviated using <i>doko desu ka</i> instead of <i>doko ni arimasu ka</i>:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s321" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ekiha-dokoni-arimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s321');" ontouchend="turnOff('s321');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s321');"><span class="nw">えきは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b321" onclick="showTranslation('b321', 't321');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b321');" ontouchend="turnOff('b321');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b321');">(show translation)</span><span id="t321" style="display:none;">Where is the station?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s322" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ekiha-doko-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s322');" ontouchend="turnOff('s322');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s322');"><span class="nw">えきは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b322" onclick="showTranslation('b322', 't322');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b322');" ontouchend="turnOff('b322');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b322');">(show translation)</span><span id="t322" style="display:none;">Where is the station?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">These two sentences are equivalent, although it&rsquo;s important
        to keep in mind that the second one is an intentional abbreviation of the
        first.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">&ldquo;And&rdquo; with <i>to</i> and <i>ya</i></div>


        <!-- Start vocab table -->
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	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v351_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v351_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v351_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v351_col1');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_to');"><span class="nw">と</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">and / with</td>
                </tr>
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                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
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		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v352_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v352_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v352_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v352_col1');" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ya');"><span class="nw">や</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">and, etc.</td>
                </tr>


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	        </tr>

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<p class="bodycopy"><i>To</i> and <i>ya</i> are used to make lists of things.
        These words work in the same way, but they differ in how specific they are. If
        you put together a list of items using <i>to</i>,
        for example, <i>inu to neko</i>, you mean
        dogs and cats, and nothing else. But if you list items using <i>ya</i>, you mean something more like
        &ldquo;dogs, cats, and the like.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, we are only allowed to use the word
        &ldquo;and&rdquo; one time in a list. If you say you like &ldquo;chocolate and ice
        cream and milk shakes and french fries,&rdquo; you sound like you&rsquo;re six years
        old. But this is totally legitimate in Japanese. In fact, the only way to
        construct lists in Japanese is to use <i>to</i>
        or <i>ya</i> to separate each item.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So to say you have class on &ldquo;Mondays, Tuesdays, and
        Thursdays,&rdquo; you would simply put them in a list separated by <i>to</i>: <i>getsuyoubi
        to kayoubi to mokuyoubi</i>.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Here are a few more examples of these words in action.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s323" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ishito-kito-kawaga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s323');" ontouchend="turnOff('s323');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s323');"><span class="nw">いしと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かわが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b323" onclick="showTranslation('b323', 't323');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b323');" ontouchend="turnOff('b323');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b323');">(show translation)</span><span id="t323" style="display:none;">There are rocks, trees, and rivers.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s324" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_ishiya-kiya-kawaga-arimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s324');" ontouchend="turnOff('s324');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s324');"><span class="nw">いしや　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きや　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かわが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b324" onclick="showTranslation('b324', 't324');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b324');" ontouchend="turnOff('b324');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b324');">(show translation)</span><span id="t324" style="display:none;">There are rocks, trees, rivers, and things like that.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-290');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s325" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_nekoya-toriga-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s325');" ontouchend="turnOff('s325');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s325');"><span class="nw">ねこや　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">とりが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b325" onclick="showTranslation('b325', 't325');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b325');" ontouchend="turnOff('b325');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b325');">(show translation)</span><span id="t325" style="display:none;">There were cats and birds, etc.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-300');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s326" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_marikosanto-JONsanga-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s326');" ontouchend="turnOff('s326');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s326');"><span class="nw">まりこさんと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b326" onclick="showTranslation('b326', 't326');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b326');" ontouchend="turnOff('b326');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b326');">(show translation)</span><span id="t326" style="display:none;">Mariko and John are here.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Perhaps you&rsquo;re wondering about the last example. We&rsquo;ve had a
        few others this lesson that used the word &ldquo;here&rdquo; even though there was no <i>koko ni </i>phrase in the sentence. Strictly
        speaking, this last sentence would be &ldquo;Mariko and John exist,&rdquo; or &ldquo;There are
        Mariko and John.&rdquo; But this kind of sentence is so often the answer to the implied
        question &ldquo;Who are there?&rdquo; that it tends to mean that the named people or things
        exist <i>at the present location</i>, if some other location is not specified.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy"><i>To</i> means &ldquo;and,&rdquo;
        but it might be better to translate it &ldquo;with,&rdquo; because it can be used more
        flexibly than just in lists. For example, you can use it to say you went
        somewhere &ldquo;with Mariko.&rdquo; To accomplish this, just treat it like a particle and
        tag it onto the end of the thing you&rsquo;re marking. So &ldquo;with Mariko&rdquo; becomes <i>Mariko-san to</i>. 
        Here are a couple examples of this usage:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-310');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s327" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_JONsanha-marikosanto-KONBINIni-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s327');" ontouchend="turnOff('s327');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s327');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まりこさんと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">コンビニに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b327" onclick="showTranslation('b327', 't327');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b327');" ontouchend="turnOff('b327');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b327');">(show translation)</span><span id="t327" style="display:none;">John went to the convenience store with Mariko.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-existenceni-320');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s328" onclick="playSound('ExistenceNi_watashiha-senseito-shokujiwo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s328');" ontouchend="turnOff('s328');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s328');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせいと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しょくじを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b328" onclick="showTranslation('b328', 't328');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b328');" ontouchend="turnOff('b328');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b328');">(show translation)</span><span id="t328" style="display:none;">I ate a meal with the teacher.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ll be seeing more of how to use <i>to</i> like this when we learn more verbs.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned how to use <i>ni</i> to mark the location where something exists.
        That means that in a sentence like &ldquo;There is a dog in the kitchen,&rdquo; the &ldquo;in the kitchen&rdquo; part would be 
        <i>daidokoro ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
        We also learned two verbs for existing, <i>arimasu</i> and <i>imasu</i>, 
        which are used for inanimate and animate things, respectively. 
        That is to say, &ldquo;There is a rock&rdquo; is <i>Ishi ga <strong>arimasu</strong></i>,
        but &ldquo;There is a dog&rdquo; is <i>Inu ga <strong>imasu</strong></i>.</p>
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We saw that the pattern for introducing a new thing is <i>X ga arimasu / imasu,</i>
which sounds like &ldquo;There is an X.&rdquo; However, if we have already established that X exists and are merely describing
where it is, we can mark it with <i>wa</i> instead. So a sentence like &ldquo;The dog (the one we&rsquo;ve already established)
is in the park&rdquo; would be <i>Inu wa kouen ni imasu.</i></p>

<p class="bodycopy">And, finally, we learned about the particles <i>to</i> and <i>ya</i>, which are used in lists.
We saw that they are used between each element in the list, no matter how many items there are. For example,
&ldquo;dogs, cats, and horses&rdquo; would be <i>inu to neko to uma</i>. The difference between the two is that <i>to</i>
means exactly those items, whereas <i>ya</i> means those items and others like them.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We now know several ways to use the particle <i>ni</i>. It can be used to mark locations 
we&rsquo;re traveling to (as in <i>gakkou ni</i>, &ldquo;to school&rdquo;), times when something happens (as in <i>shichi-gatsu ni</i>, &ldquo;in July&rdquo;),
and locations where something exists (as in <i>kouen ni</i>, &ldquo;in the park&rdquo;).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Great work so far! Now be sure you&rsquo;re mastered <i>ni</i> by cruising through the following quiz.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next lesson, we&rsquo;ll be learning how to name our friends and family.</p>

    
          
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