128     4550    4678    5250    9928    6821    16749   5956    22705   5584    28289   3064    31353   6746    38099   3180    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 1</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        
<!-- Page 1 -->

        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 23</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Directional <i>Ni</i></div>
        <div class="blurb">The funny thing about languages is how much of the magic
        lies in the little words, like &ldquo;at,&rdquo; &ldquo;in&rdquo;, &ldquo;on&rdquo; and &ldquo;to.&rdquo; Without these small
        words, we have no way of expressing relationships between the various big words
        in our sentences.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">The word we&rsquo;ll learn in this lesson can mean all four of the
        words I mentioned above, but in this chapter we&rsquo;ll be focusing on its use to
        indicate direction, which usually corresponds to the English word &ldquo;to.&rdquo; For
        example, when we say we are going <i>to</i>
        work, the &ldquo;to&rdquo; shows the direction of the action.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The particle in question is <i>ni</i>. Like the particle <i>wa</i>,
        it attaches to the end of the word or phrase it marks. (And incidentally, this
        is one of the fundamental differences between English and Japanese. English is
        called a <u>pre</u>positional language, because the little marker words tend to
        come before the things they mark. Japanese is a <u>post</u>positional language
        because the markers come after the things they mark.)</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Take a look at these examples and you&rsquo;ll see how it works:</p>

<!-- Ni -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s237" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_eki-ni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s237');" ontouchend="turnOff('s237');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s237');"><span class="nw">えき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">に</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b237" onclick="showTranslation('b237', 't237');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b237');" ontouchend="turnOff('b237');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b237');">(show translation)</span><span id="t237" style="display:none;">to the station</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s238" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_kouen-ni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s238');" ontouchend="turnOff('s238');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s238');"><span class="nw">こうえん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">に</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b238" onclick="showTranslation('b238', 't238');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b238');" ontouchend="turnOff('b238');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b238');">(show translation)</span><span id="t238" style="display:none;">to the park</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 2</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 2 -->

<p class="bodycopy">In these examples, I pulled the <i>ni</i> one space away from the word it 
        is marking for the sake of clarity, 
        but to be consistent with how we&rsquo;ve been using <i>wa</i> and <i>no</i>,
        not to mention standard Japanese usage, from here on out, I&rsquo;ll attach
        the <i>ni</i> directly to the phrase it marks. Here are a couple more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s239" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_gakkouni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s239');" ontouchend="turnOff('s239');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s239');"><span class="nw">がっこうに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b239" onclick="showTranslation('b239', 't239');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b239');" ontouchend="turnOff('b239');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b239');">(show translation)</span><span id="t239" style="display:none;">to school</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s240" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_anatano-heyani');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s240');" ontouchend="turnOff('s240');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s240');"><span class="nw">あなたの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">へやに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b240" onclick="showTranslation('b240', 't240');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b240');" ontouchend="turnOff('b240');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b240');">(show translation)</span><span id="t240" style="display:none;">to your bedroom</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s241" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_marikosanno-ieni');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s241');" ontouchend="turnOff('s241');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s241');"><span class="nw">まりこさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いえに</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b241" onclick="showTranslation('b241', 't241');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b241');" ontouchend="turnOff('b241');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b241');">(show translation)</span><span id="t241" style="display:none;">to Mariko&rsquo;s house</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">To understand the last two, it&rsquo;s necessary to give <i>precedence</i> to the <i>no</i>, to use a math term. 
        That is, <i>anata no heya ni</i> comes together like this: {anata no heya} ni. The
        reason for this is that the particle <i>no</i>
        binds together the two elements on either side of it, and the order of those
        two elements in relation to each other is crucial to the meaning, so you must
        treat those as an unbreakable unit.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To use these, simply drop them into sentences somewhere
        before the verb. As I mentioned in the intro to verbs lesson, word order is
        fairly free-form in Japanese, since the function of each unit is marked with a
        particle.</p>


<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 3</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 3 -->

<p class="bodycopy">Try out the following examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s242" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_watashiha-ekini-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s242');" ontouchend="turnOff('s242');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s242');"><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えきに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b242" onclick="showTranslation('b242', 't242');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b242');" ontouchend="turnOff('b242');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b242');">(show translation)</span><span id="t242" style="display:none;">I went to the station.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s243" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_marikosanha-yuubinkyokuni-ikimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s243');" ontouchend="turnOff('s243');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s243');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ゆうびんきょくに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b243" onclick="showTranslation('b243', 't243');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b243');" ontouchend="turnOff('b243');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b243');">(show translation)</span><span id="t243" style="display:none;">Will Mariko go to the post office?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s244" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_gakkouni-JONsanha-ikimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s244');" ontouchend="turnOff('s244');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s244');"><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b244" onclick="showTranslation('b244', 't244');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b244');" ontouchend="turnOff('b244');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b244');">(show translation)</span><span id="t244" style="display:none;">John didn&rsquo;t go to school.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s245" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_ashita,senseiha-watashino-ieni-kimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s245');" ontouchend="turnOff('s245');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s245');"><span class="nw">あした、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせいは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b245" onclick="showTranslation('b245', 't245');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b245');" ontouchend="turnOff('b245');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b245');">(show translation)</span><span id="t245" style="display:none;">Tomorrow, the teacher will come to my house.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that I moved the <i>ni</i>
        phrase to the front in the third example. You&rsquo;re free to move the <i>ni</i> phrase anywhere you like, as long as
        you treat it as one unit. For example, if you wanted to move the <i>ni</i> phrase in
        the last sentence, you would move the entire phrase <i>watashi no ie ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Also note the complex <i>ni</i>
        phrase in the last example. The <i>ni</i>
        phrase is not simply <i>ie ni</i> but the
        entire phrase <i>watashi no ie ni</i>.</p>


<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 4</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 4 -->

<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s try <i>ni</i> phrases using <i>kudasai</i> requests.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s246" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_gakkouni-itte-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s246');" ontouchend="turnOff('s246');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s246');"><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b246" onclick="showTranslation('b246', 't246');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b246');" ontouchend="turnOff('b246');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b246');">(show translation)</span><span id="t246" style="display:none;">Please go to school.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s247" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_kokoni-kite-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s247');" ontouchend="turnOff('s247');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s247');"><span class="nw">ここに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きて　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b247" onclick="showTranslation('b247', 't247');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b247');" ontouchend="turnOff('b247');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b247');">(show translation)</span><span id="t247" style="display:none;">Please come here.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s248" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_watashino-ieni-kite-kudasai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s248');" ontouchend="turnOff('s248');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s248');"><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いえに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きて　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ください。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b248" onclick="showTranslation('b248', 't248');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b248');" ontouchend="turnOff('b248');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b248');">(show translation)</span><span id="t248" style="display:none;">Please come to my house.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice in the second example that we must mark our direction
        even when we don&rsquo;t need any special marker in English. In English, we go &ldquo;to
        school,&rdquo; but we don&rsquo;t ask people to come &ldquo;to here.&rdquo; However, every time we are
        indicating direction in Japanese, we must mark it explicitly.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Perhaps you&rsquo;re wondering where the verb is in these
        sentences. After all, I&rsquo;ve said that every well-formed sentence must have a
        verb, and that the verb must go last. Is <i>kudasai</i>
        a verb? Or is it some very long particle that snaps onto the <i>-te</i> form of the verbs <i>ikimasu</i> and <i>kimasu</i>?</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Kudasai</i> is the
        verb. It is a polite command, and commands are verbs. <i>Kudasai</i> actually means &ldquo;Please give me,&rdquo; and when we use it with
        verbs like we are doing here, we&rsquo;re actually saying something like, &ldquo;Please
        give me your going.&rdquo; Shortly, we&rsquo;ll learn how to request objects (&ldquo;Please give
        me that apple&rdquo;). So no rules are being broken.</p>


<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 5</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="subheading.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 5 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Questions with <i>doko</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">As you&rsquo;ll no doubt recall, <i>doko</i> is the question-word member of the set <i>koko-soko-asoko-doko</i>. Now that we know how to say where people are
        going, we can ask for that information by inserting <i>doko</i> at the place we want to hear an answer&mdash;directly before <i>ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So, for example, if <i><u>Gakkou
        ni</u> ikimasu ka?</i> means &ldquo;Are you going to school?&rdquo; then <i><u>Doko ni</u> ikimasu ka?</i> means &ldquo;Are
        you going where?&rdquo; = &ldquo;Where are you going?&rdquo; Here are a few more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s249" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_anataha-dokoni-ikimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s249');" ontouchend="turnOff('s249');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s249');"><span class="nw">あなたは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b249" onclick="showTranslation('b249', 't249');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b249');" ontouchend="turnOff('b249');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b249');">(show translation)</span><span id="t249" style="display:none;">Where will you go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s250" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_gakuseitachiha-dokoni-ikimashitaka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s250');" ontouchend="turnOff('s250');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s250');"><span class="nw">がくせいたちは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましたか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b250" onclick="showTranslation('b250', 't250');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b250');" ontouchend="turnOff('b250');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b250');">(show translation)</span><span id="t250" style="display:none;">Where did the students go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s251" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_ashita,dokoni-ikimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s251');" ontouchend="turnOff('s251');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s251');"><span class="nw">あした、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b251" onclick="showTranslation('b251', 't251');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b251');" ontouchend="turnOff('b251');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b251');">(show translation)</span><span id="t251" style="display:none;">Where shall we go tomorrow?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In the responses, the speaker would be expected to
        substitute an actual location in exactly the spot <i>doko</i> fills in the question.</p>

<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 6</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="subheading.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 6 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Ni</i> with time elements</div>


<p class="bodycopy">One other use of <i>ni</i>
        is to tag time elements like we do in English with the word &ldquo;on&rdquo; in the phrase
        &ldquo;on Friday.&rdquo; Actually, the usage is fortuitously similar to English, so it will
        help to take a look at the way things work there. Consider these examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item"><b>On</b> Friday, I went snowboarding.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">Last week, I went snowboarding.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">I will go <b>in</b> June.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">I will go next month.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that the first and third sentences used a word like
        &ldquo;on&rdquo; or &ldquo;in,&rdquo; but the second and fourth do not. The rule is to use &ldquo;on&rdquo; or &ldquo;in&rdquo;
        with times that have names, like the days of the week and the months. Relative
        references, like &ldquo;last month&rdquo; and &ldquo;next week,&rdquo; don&rsquo;t use it.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It works exactly the same way in Japanese, except that the <i>ni</i>, like every other particle, tags onto
        the end of the time element instead of the front. So, for example, &ldquo;in June&rdquo;
        becomes <i>rokugatsu ni</i>, and &ldquo;on Friday&rdquo;
        becomes <i>kin&rsquo;youbi ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Conversely, the time phrases <i>sengetsu</i> and <i>rainen</i> do
        not require <i>ni</i> because they are
        relative references. If you&rsquo;re ever stuck, just think about whether you would
        need &ldquo;on&rdquo; or &ldquo;in&rdquo; in English and you&rsquo;ll be right 99% of the time.</p>


<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 7</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="example.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 7 -->

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try this out in some full sentences:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s252" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_juugatsuni-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s252');" ontouchend="turnOff('s252');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s252');"><span class="nw">じゅうがつに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b252" onclick="showTranslation('b252', 't252');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b252');" ontouchend="turnOff('b252');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b252');">(show translation)</span><span id="t252" style="display:none;">I will go in October.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s253" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_juugatsuni-nihonni-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s253');" ontouchend="turnOff('s253');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s253');"><span class="nw">じゅうがつに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">にほんに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b253" onclick="showTranslation('b253', 't253');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b253');" ontouchend="turnOff('b253');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b253');">(show translation)</span><span id="t253" style="display:none;">I will go to Japan in October.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s254" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_mokuyoubini-ekini-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s254');" ontouchend="turnOff('s254');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s254');"><span class="nw">もくようびに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えきに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b254" onclick="showTranslation('b254', 't254');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b254');" ontouchend="turnOff('b254');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b254');">(show translation)</span><span id="t254" style="display:none;">I went to the station on Thursday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-directionalni-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s255" onclick="playSound('DirectionalNi_doyoubini-gakkouni-ikimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s255');" ontouchend="turnOff('s255');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s255');"><span class="nw">どようびに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b255" onclick="showTranslation('b255', 't255');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b255');" ontouchend="turnOff('b255');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b255');">(show translation)</span><span id="t255" style="display:none;">I don&rsquo;t go to school on Saturday.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Here we have sentences with two <i>ni</i> phrases. Don&rsquo;t be confused by this. Just break the sentence at
        the particles and look at each unit individually. Applying this technique to
        the last sentence, we get <i>Doyoubi ni /
        gakkou ni / ikimasen</i>. You can always take sentences apart this way when you
        need help figuring them out.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">And just to drive home the interchangeability of word units
        in Japanese, we could swap the <i>ni</i>
        phrases around in any of the sentences above with no change of meaning.
        Typically, though, when no special emphasis is intended, Japanese speakers tend
        to put the time phrase closer to the front of the sentence and location phrases
        closer to the end.</p>


<!-- ==================================================================== -->
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">

    <title>Directions and Ni 8</title>

    <link type="text/css" href="main.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="subheading.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link type="text/css" href="button.css" rel="stylesheet" />


    <script type="text/javascript" src="main.js"></script>


    <script type="text/javascript" src="fastclick.js"></script>

</head>
<body onload="init();">

    <div id="top"></div>
    <div id="text">

        

<!-- Page 8 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned about the particle <i>ni</i>, which is
        used to indicate direction, very similarly to the way we use the word &ldquo;to&rdquo; in
        phrases like &ldquo;I went <strong>to school</strong>.&rdquo; Like all Japanese particles, it attaches to the end
        of the thing it marks. For example, &ldquo;to school&rdquo; is <i>gakkou ni</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We saw that <i>ni</i> can also be used to indicate a time when something occurs, the way
        we use the words &ldquo;on&rdquo; and &ldquo;in&rdquo; in phrases like &ldquo;I will go <strong>on Thursday</strong>,&rdquo; or &ldquo;She
        came <strong>in July</strong>.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We learned that <i>ni</i> is used in time phrases that 
        contain proper names, like <i>shichi-gatsu</i> (&ldquo;July&rdquo;) or <i>mokuyoubi</i> (&ldquo;Thursday&rdquo;), 
        but not in relative references like <i>senshuu</i> (&ldquo;last week&rdquo;) or <i>rainen</i> (&ldquo;next year&rdquo;).
        We noted that this is intriguingly similar to the way the rule works in English. 
        (That is to say, we say &ldquo;in July&rdquo; and &ldquo;on Thursday,&rdquo; but not &ldquo;in last week&rdquo; or &ldquo;on next year.&rdquo;)
        That means that a simple rule of thumb with time phrases is to think about whether we would 
        use &ldquo;in&rdquo; or &ldquo;on&rdquo; with the same phrase in English, and if so, use <i>ni</i> in Japanese.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We saw that multiple <i>ni</i> phrases can be used in a sentence,
        and <i>ni</i> phrases can be moved around freely. That means that both <i>Mokuyoubi ni gakkou ni ikimashita</i> 
        and <i>Gakkou ni mokuyoubi ni ikimashita</i> are valid sentences that mean the same thing.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ll be coming back to <i>ni</i>, as it has a few other uses in store. 
But first, as always, take a quick pause to sink it all in with my friendly quiz below.
</p>

        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('grammar_directionalni');"><img src="button_chapter_review@2x.png" /></div></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Next up, it&rsquo;s time to finally learn what that <i>wo</i> character is for.</p>
    
          
        <div id="footer"><img src="lessonbg_bottom@2x.png"></div> 
    </div>

</body>
</html>
