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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 39</div>
        <div class="chapter_name"><i>De</i></div>
        <div class="blurb">By now you know that Japanese is a particle-driven language.
        We&rsquo;ve examined almost all the main particles in Japanese. One of the remaining
        ones to look at <nobr>is <b>de</b>.</nobr></div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>De</i> has two main
        uses, which we&rsquo;ll look at one at a time. The first use is to show the
        instrument by which something is carried out. It&rsquo;s often translated &ldquo;by
        means of&rdquo; when it&rsquo;s used in this way. For example, if you want to say that
        you went to the movies &ldquo;by means of a car,&rdquo; you would use the phrase <i>kuruma de</i>. Just like all the other
        particles, <i>de</i> tags onto the end of
        the noun that you&rsquo;re marking. If you talked to someone &ldquo;by means of the
        phone&rdquo; (&ldquo;on the phone&rdquo; in normal English), you would say that
        you spoke <i>denwa de</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">See if you can understand the following examples. We&rsquo;ll use
        &ldquo;she&rdquo; as the unspoken subject of these sentences.</p>

<!-- De -->


        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s693" onclick="playSound('De_kurumade-ikimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s693');" ontouchend="turnOff('s693');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s693');"><span class="nw">くるまで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b693" onclick="showTranslation('b693', 't693');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b693');" ontouchend="turnOff('b693');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b693');">(show translation)</span><span id="t693" style="display:none;">She went by car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s694" onclick="playSound('De_denshade-kimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s694');" ontouchend="turnOff('s694');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s694');"><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b694" onclick="showTranslation('b694', 't694');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b694');" ontouchend="turnOff('b694');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b694');">(show translation)</span><span id="t694" style="display:none;">She came by train.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s695" onclick="playSound('De_denwade-hanashimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s695');" ontouchend="turnOff('s695');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s695');"><span class="nw">でんわで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">はなしました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b695" onclick="showTranslation('b695', 't695');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b695');" ontouchend="turnOff('b695');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b695');">(show translation)</span><span id="t695" style="display:none;">She spoke by phone.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s696" onclick="playSound('De_nande-ikimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s696');" ontouchend="turnOff('s696');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s696');"><span class="nw">なんで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b696" onclick="showTranslation('b696', 't696');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b696');" ontouchend="turnOff('b696');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b696');">(show translation)</span><span id="t696" style="display:none;">She will go by what? = What will she go by?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In any of these examples, you can translate the <i>de</i> phrase as &ldquo;by means of X&rdquo;
        and get the main idea. In the last example, <i>Nan
        de ikimasu ka?</i> we are using <i>nan</i> as
        our familiar algebraic X to stand in where we want to have an answer. A response
        to this might be <i>Jitensha de ikimasu</i>,
        &ldquo;She&rsquo;ll go by bicycle.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In natural English, we often use constructions like, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll
        go <b>in</b> my car,&rdquo; so it might be tempting
        to try translating this as <i>kuruma ni</i>
        or even <i>kuruma no naka ni</i>. But in
        this sentence, we&rsquo;re not describing something existing in the car. We&rsquo;re saying
        we used the car as the instrument by which the action of going was carried out.
        For this sense, we must always use <i>de</i>
        in Japanese.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In Japanese, you don&rsquo;t speak a language. You speak &ldquo;by means
        of&rdquo; that language. For example, &ldquo;Mariko speaks (by means of) English&rdquo;
        translates to <i>Mariko-san wa eigo de
        hanashimasu</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s697" onclick="playSound('De_JONsanha-FURANSUgode-hanashite-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s697');" ontouchend="turnOff('s697');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s697');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">フランスごで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">はなして　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b697" onclick="showTranslation('b697', 't697');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b697');" ontouchend="turnOff('b697');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b697');">(show translation)</span><span id="t697" style="display:none;">John is speaking in French.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Students don&rsquo;t usually have a hard time with this use of <i>de</i>. It&rsquo;s very natural, because &ldquo;by
        means of&rdquo; fits almost 100% of the time as a workable translation.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>De</i> to indicate where an action happens</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s look at the other use, which is slightly more subtle.
        Recall that we use <i>ni</i> with the verbs <i>arimasu</i> and <i>imasu</i> to show where something exists. Some example sentences we
        looked at were <i>John-san wa Amerika ni
        imasu</i> and <i>Niwa ni ishi ga arimasu</i>.
        The <i>ni</i> phrase marks the location
        where the noun exists.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Ni</i> cannot mark
        place phrases for anything more exciting than simple existence (with a few
        exceptions, such as standing). But what if we want to say, for example, that
        John isn&rsquo;t just <i>in</i> America, but
        that he&rsquo;s <i>reading</i> there, or <i>studying</i> there, or <i>doing</i> something active?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For these cases we must mark the location phrase with <i>de</i> instead of <i>ni</i>. 
        For example, to say, &ldquo;John read the newspaper at the station,&rdquo;
        your first inclination would probably have been to give the location phrase
        &ldquo;at the station&rdquo; as <i>eki ni</i>.
        That would work fine if the verb was a boring old <i>imasu</i> / <i>arimasu</i>. But this
        time, John is active&mdash;he&rsquo;s reading. So we must mark the location of that action
        with <i>eki <b>de</b></i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s698" onclick="playSound('De_JONsanha-ekide-shinbunwo-yomimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s698');" ontouchend="turnOff('s698');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s698');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えきで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しんぶんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b698" onclick="showTranslation('b698', 't698');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b698');" ontouchend="turnOff('b698');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b698');">(show translation)</span><span id="t698" style="display:none;">John read the newspaper at the station.</span></div>
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            </div>

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<p class="bodycopy">Here are a few more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s699" onclick="playSound('De_marikosanha-AMERIKAde-eigowo-benkyou-shite-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s699');" ontouchend="turnOff('s699');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s699');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えいごを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">べんきょう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">して　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b699" onclick="showTranslation('b699', 't699');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b699');" ontouchend="turnOff('b699');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b699');">(show translation)</span><span id="t699" style="display:none;">Mariko is studying English in America.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s700" onclick="playSound('De_heyade-TEREBIwo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s700');" ontouchend="turnOff('s700');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s700');"><span class="nw">へやで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">テレビを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b700" onclick="showTranslation('b700', 't700');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b700');" ontouchend="turnOff('b700');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b700');">(show translation)</span><span id="t700" style="display:none;">I watched TV in (my) bedroom.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s701" onclick="playSound('De_ieno-maede-kurumawo-souji-shimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s701');" ontouchend="turnOff('s701');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s701');"><span class="nw">いえの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まえで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるまを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">そうじ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b701" onclick="showTranslation('b701', 't701');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b701');" ontouchend="turnOff('b701');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b701');">(show translation)</span><span id="t701" style="display:none;">I cleaned the car in front of the house.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">There are only a few verbs that can work in locations marked
        with <i>ni</i>. Here are a couple such
        examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s702" onclick="playSound('De_kurumano-nakani-suwatte-imasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s702');" ontouchend="turnOff('s702');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s702');"><span class="nw">くるまの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なかに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すわって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">います。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b702" onclick="showTranslation('b702', 't702');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b702');" ontouchend="turnOff('b702');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b702');">(show translation)</span><span id="t702" style="display:none;">She is sitting inside the car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s703" onclick="playSound('De_daidokoroni-tatte-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s703');" ontouchend="turnOff('s703');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s703');"><span class="nw">だいどころに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たって　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b703" onclick="showTranslation('b703', 't703');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b703');" ontouchend="turnOff('b703');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b703');">(show translation)</span><span id="t703" style="display:none;">He was standing in the kitchen.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that both of these verbs (standing, sitting) are
        pretty close in meaning to simple existence. Any time the verb gets more
        involved (reading, watching, eating, etc), locations where such an action
        happens must be marked with <i>de</i>.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">Take a moment to understand how this differs from directional
        <i>ni</i>. When we say <i>gakkou ni ikimasu</i>, it&rsquo;s true that we&rsquo;re using an active verb. But
        the action is not happening <i>at</i> the
        school. The phrase <i>gakkou ni</i> is
        indicating the <i>direction</i> in which the
        subject is moving. It can help to keep these usages distinct if you think of
        directional <i>ni</i> as meaning something
        like &ldquo;toward,&rdquo; whereas the location-of-action <i>de</i> always describes the place
        where the action occurs.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try a few more example sentences.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s704" onclick="playSound('De_JONsanha-denshade-DOITSUni-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s704');" ontouchend="turnOff('s704');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s704');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ドイツに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b704" onclick="showTranslation('b704', 't704');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b704');" ontouchend="turnOff('b704');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b704');">(show translation)</span><span id="t704" style="display:none;">John will go to Germany by train.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s705" onclick="playSound('De_marikosanha-denshade-honwo-yonde-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s705');" ontouchend="turnOff('s705');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s705');"><span class="nw">まりこさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よんで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b705" onclick="showTranslation('b705', 't705');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b705');" ontouchend="turnOff('b705');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b705');">(show translation)</span><span id="t705" style="display:none;">Mariko was reading a book in the train.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In the first example, John is going to Germany &ldquo;by
        means of the train.&rdquo; In the second example, however, <i>densha de</i> 
        means something slightly different. She is reading a
        book &ldquo;on the train.&rdquo; It is clear that the <i>de</i> must be the location-of-action 
        <i>de</i> here because trains cannot be used as
        instruments to read books. Fortunately, in day-to-day speech, the 
        two uses of <i>de</i> are almost always mutually exclusive,
        so it&rsquo;s easy to understand which is meant.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1"><i>Dewa</i></div>


<p class="bodycopy">Often, you&rsquo;ll hear <i>de</i>
        and <i>wa</i> being used in conjunction, as
        in the following sentence: <i>Nihon dewa,
        natsu ga atsui desu</i>, &ldquo;In Japan, the summers are hot.&rdquo; How
        should we understand this? Actually, it&rsquo;s very simple. You&rsquo;ll recall that we
        can mechanically translate <i>wa</i> as
        &ldquo;as for&rdquo; when we get into trouble. Applying that here, <i>Nihon dewa</i> becomes &ldquo;as for in Japan.&rdquo;
        After the listener hears this, she knows that she&rsquo;s about to hear something
        about the state of affairs inside Japan.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It is a common pattern to start a sentence with so-and-so <i>dewa</i> when you intend to make a comment
        about that place, as it differs from other places.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s706" onclick="playSound('De_AMERIKAdeha,hitoha-sega-takai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s706');" ontouchend="turnOff('s706');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s706');"><span class="nw">アメリカでは、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひとは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たかい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b706" onclick="showTranslation('b706', 't706');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b706');" ontouchend="turnOff('b706');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b706');">(show translation)</span><span id="t706" style="display:none;">In America, the people are tall.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s707" onclick="playSound('De_nihondeha,GASORINga-takai-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s707');" ontouchend="turnOff('s707');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s707');"><span class="nw">にほんでは、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ガソリンが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たかい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b707" onclick="showTranslation('b707', 't707');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b707');" ontouchend="turnOff('b707');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b707');">(show translation)</span><span id="t707" style="display:none;">In Japan, gasoline is expensive.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese questionable_japanese" id="s708" onclick="playSound('De_chuugokudeha,nekoga-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s708');" ontouchend="turnOff('s708');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s708');"><img src="bad_question@2x.png" class="example_alert_icon" /><span class="nw">ちゅうごくでは、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b708" onclick="showTranslation('b708', 't708');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b708');" ontouchend="turnOff('b708');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b708');">(show translation)</span><span id="t708" style="display:none;">Are there cats in China?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">In the last example, it would probably be more proper to use
        <i>Chuugoku niwa</i>, since the verb is our
        existence <i>imasu</i>. However, you&rsquo;ll
        still hear people using <i>dewa</i> like this.
        If it helps, you can imagine that the speaker began the sentence with the <i>dewa</i> pattern before she decided to use the
        simple verb <i>imasu</i> (actually, this
        kind of thing happens all the time in spoken language).</p>


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<!-- Page 7 -->

<p class="bodycopy">Now that we can talk about getting places and doing things
        there, let&rsquo;s learn some new vocabulary.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="33%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header" width="33%">-Te Form</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="34%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v685_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v685_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v685_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v685_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_fune');"><span class="nw">ふね</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">boat</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v686_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v686_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v686_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v686_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_hikouki');"><span class="nw">ひこうき</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">plane</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v687_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v687_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v687_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v687_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_shinkansen');"><span class="nw">しんかんせん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">bullet train</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v688_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v688_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v688_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v688_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_rosanzerusu');"><span class="nw">ロサンゼルス</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">Los Angeles</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v689_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v689_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v689_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v689_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_shikago');"><span class="nw">シカゴ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">Chicago</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v690_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v690_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v690_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v690_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_shiatoru');"><span class="nw">シアトル</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">Seattle</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v691_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v691_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v691_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v691_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_rondon');"><span class="nw">ロンドン</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">London</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v692_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v692_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v692_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v692_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_-shuu');"><span class="nw">～しゅう</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">suffix for states</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v693_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v693_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v693_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v693_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_hashirimasu');"><span class="nw">はしります</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v693_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v693_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v693_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v693_col2');" onclick="playSound('De_hashitte');"><span class="nw">はしって</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to run</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v694_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v694_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v694_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v694_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_arukimasu');"><span class="nw">あるきます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v694_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v694_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v694_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v694_col2');" onclick="playSound('De_aruite');"><span class="nw">あるいて</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to walk</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v695_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v695_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v695_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v695_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_oyogimasu');"><span class="nw">およぎます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v695_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v695_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v695_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v695_col2');" onclick="playSound('De_oyoide');"><span class="nw">およいで</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to swim</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v696_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v696_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v696_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v696_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_tobimasu');"><span class="nw">とびます</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v696_col2" ontouchstart="turnOn('v696_col2');" ontouchend="turnOff('v696_col2');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v696_col2');" onclick="playSound('De_tonde');"><span class="nw">とんで</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">to fly</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v697_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v697_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v697_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v697_col1');" onclick="playSound('De_unten-shimasu');"><span class="nw">うんてん　</span> <span class="nw">します</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row" valign="top" >&nbsp;</td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">to drive</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="5" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>De 8</title>

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<!-- Page 8 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy">I&rsquo;ve listed a few cities here to give you an
        idea of how Japanese people express these. 
        Generally, they take the English pronunciation and find the closest
        possible Japanese pronunciation.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The suffix <i>-shuu</i>
        is usually added to the names of U.S. states. For example, <i>Washinton-shuu</i> means &ldquo;Washington
        state.&rdquo; <i>Nyuuyouku-shuu</i> means &ldquo;New York State.&rdquo; In contrast, cities usually do not have any
        suffixes, so <i>nyuuyouku</i> by itself
        refers to the city. <i>-Shuu</i> is also
        used in the names of units of land in other countries. Indeed, the Japanese
        islands <i>Honshuu</i> and <i>Kyuushuu</i> both use this word.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We&rsquo;ve seen using the words <i>kara</i> and <i>made</i>,
        &ldquo;from&rdquo; and &ldquo;until.&rdquo; So far, we&rsquo;ve used these to describe
        windows of time, for example, <i>hachi-ji
        kara juu-ji made</i>, &ldquo;from 8:00 until 10:00.&rdquo; But it turns out that we can also use these
        words to describe movement. For example,
        <i>shikago kara shiatoru made</i> means
        &ldquo;from Chicago until (to) Seattle.&rdquo;</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now we can describe our trips and vacations. Let&rsquo;s look at a
        few examples.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s709" onclick="playSound('De_raishuu-SHIATORU-kara-SHIKAGO-made-hikouki-de-tobimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s709');" ontouchend="turnOff('s709');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s709');"><span class="nw">らいしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">シアトル　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">から　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">シカゴ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひこうきで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">とびます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b709" onclick="showTranslation('b709', 't709');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b709');" ontouchend="turnOff('b709');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b709');">(show translation)</span><span id="t709" style="display:none;">I&rsquo;ll fly by plane next week from Seattle to Chicago.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s710" onclick="playSound('De_kyonen-WASHINTONshuu-kara-NYU-YO-KUshuu-made-unten--shimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s710');" ontouchend="turnOff('s710');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s710');"><span class="nw">きょねん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ワシントンしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">から　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ニューヨークしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うんてん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b710" onclick="showTranslation('b710', 't710');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b710');" ontouchend="turnOff('b710');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b710');">(show translation)</span><span id="t710" style="display:none;">Last year I drove from Washington State to New York State.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s711" onclick="playSound('De_nihon-kara-AMERIKA-made-oyogimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s711');" ontouchend="turnOff('s711');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s711');"><span class="nw">にほん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">から　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">アメリカ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">およぎましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b711" onclick="showTranslation('b711', 't711');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b711');" ontouchend="turnOff('b711');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b711');">(show translation)</span><span id="t711" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s swim from Japan to America.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s712" onclick="playSound('De_NYU-YO-KU-kara-RONDON-made-funede-ikimashita-kedo,-tanoshikunakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s712');" ontouchend="turnOff('s712');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s712');"><span class="nw">ニューヨーク　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">から　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ロンドン　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ふねで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきました　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">けど、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たのしくなかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b712" onclick="showTranslation('b712', 't712');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b712');" ontouchend="turnOff('b712');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b712');">(show translation)</span><span id="t712" style="display:none;">I went from New York to London by boat, but it wasn&rsquo;t fun.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Dialog</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Finally, check out the following dialogue, which shows off
        both main uses of <i>de</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s713" onclick="playSound('De_ashita-eigawo-mimasenka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s713');" ontouchend="turnOff('s713');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s713');"><span class="nw">あした　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えいがを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みませんか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b713" onclick="showTranslation('b713', 't713');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b713');" ontouchend="turnOff('b713');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b713');">(show translation)</span><span id="t713" style="display:none;">Won&rsquo;t you see a movie tomorrow?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s714" onclick="playSound('De_ii-desunedokode-mimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s714');" ontouchend="turnOff('s714');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s714');"><span class="nw">いい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b714" onclick="showTranslation('b714', 't714');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b714');" ontouchend="turnOff('b714');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b714');">(show translation)</span><span id="t714" style="display:none;">That sounds nice. Where shall we see it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s715" onclick="playSound('De_shinjukuni-ii-eigakanga-arimasu-asokode-mimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s715');" ontouchend="turnOff('s715');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s715');"><span class="nw">しんじゅくに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えいがかんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あります。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あそこで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b715" onclick="showTranslation('b715', 't715');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b715');" ontouchend="turnOff('b715');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b715');">(show translation)</span><span id="t715" style="display:none;">There&rsquo;s a nice theater in Shinjuku. Let&rsquo;s see it there.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s716" onclick="playSound('De_nande-ikimashouka-TAKUSHI-de-ikimashouka-denshade-ikimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s716');" ontouchend="turnOff('s716');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s716');"><span class="nw">なんで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">タクシーで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b716" onclick="showTranslation('b716', 't716');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b716');" ontouchend="turnOff('b716');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b716');">(show translation)</span><span id="t716" style="display:none;">How shall we go? By taxi or train?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s717" onclick="playSound('De_TAKUSHI-ha-takai-ne-denshade-ikimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s717');" ontouchend="turnOff('s717');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s717');"><span class="nw">タクシーは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たかい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b717" onclick="showTranslation('b717', 't717');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b717');" ontouchend="turnOff('b717');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b717');">(show translation)</span><span id="t717" style="display:none;">Hmm...Taxis are expensive. Let&rsquo;s take the train.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>De 11</title>

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        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s718" onclick="playSound('De_nanjini-ikimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s718');" ontouchend="turnOff('s718');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s718');"><span class="nw">なんじに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b718" onclick="showTranslation('b718', 't718');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b718');" ontouchend="turnOff('b718');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b718');">(show translation)</span><span id="t718" style="display:none;">What time shall we go?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-de-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s719" onclick="playSound('De_rokuji-sanjuppunno-denshade-ikimashou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s719');" ontouchend="turnOff('s719');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s719');"><span class="nw">ろくじ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さんじゅっぷんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でんしゃで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b719" onclick="showTranslation('b719', 't719');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b719');" ontouchend="turnOff('b719');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b719');">(show translation)</span><span id="t719" style="display:none;">Let&rsquo;s take the 6:30 train.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Takushii wa takai ne</i>: We&rsquo;ve seen this sort of thing before, but I wanted to point it out again. 
        Translating this as, &ldquo;Taxis are expensive, aren&rsquo;t they?&rdquo; feels a little stilted. 
        In this case, the <i>ne</i> is spoken to Mariko herself, as a part of an internal dialogue.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Takushii de ikimashou ka? Densha de ikimashou ka?</i>: 
        It may seem strange, but this is really the standard way of throwing
        a few choices out there. Just ask them as separate sentences in sequence.</p>


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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned about the particle <i>de</i>, which is used to name the
        instrument by which something happens and is often used when describing a means
        of transportation. For example, to say &ldquo;I went <strong>via train</strong>,&rdquo; 
        you would say <i><strong>Densha de</strong> ikimashita.</i></p>

<p class="bodycopy">We also learned about a second use, which is to name the location where an action other
        than simple existence takes place. So whereas you use <i>ni</i> in a simple existence sentence like 
        <i>Sensei wa gakkou ni imashita</i>, when the action is something else, say, reading, it becomes
        <i>Sensei wa <strong>gakkou de</strong> hon wo yomimashita</i> (&ldquo;The teacher read a book at school&rdquo;).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
We also looked briefly at the combination <i>dewa</i>, which sets up a sentence that will comment on the state of
affairs at some location.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Finally, we learned a few new verbs related to getting
        around, and we learned how to name cities and states outside of Japan.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As always, take a quick moment to lock it all in with my friendly reviews before going on.</p>

        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('grammar_de');"><img src="button_chapter_review@2x.png" /></div></div>


        <div class="button_container"><div class="button" onclick="handleButtonPress('vocab_de');"><img src="button_vocab_quiz@2x.png" /></div></div>


<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll talk about the workplace.</p>

    
          
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