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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 43</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Adverbs</div>
        <div class="blurb">Our final grammar lesson in this textbook deals with
        adverbs. Adverbs are words that describe how an action is carried out. For
        example, in the sentence, &ldquo;He runs quickly,&rdquo; &ldquo;quickly&rdquo; is
        the adverb because it modifies, or describes, the verb <nobr>&ldquo;to run.&rdquo;</nobr></div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">We use adverbs more than you probably imagine in our daily
        conversation. Virtually any word that ends in -ly is an adverb. Sentences like,
        &ldquo;I really like clam chowder,&rdquo; &ldquo;Mariko declined him flatly,&rdquo;
        and &ldquo;He practically ate the whole thing&rdquo; all use adverbs. How do we
        accomplish this in Japanese?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">First, let&rsquo;s observe something about the origins of English
        adverbs. Notice that all three examples above are just plain old adjectives
        with -ly tacked on. &ldquo;Real,&rdquo; &ldquo;flat,&rdquo; and
        &ldquo;practical&rdquo; are all words that normally describe nouns. By adding
        -ly, we turn them into words that can describe verbs. Something very similar
        happens in Japanese.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In Japanese, we can take any true Japanese adjective (one
        that ends in a hiragana <i>i</i>) and simply change the <i>i</i> to <i>ku</i>
        to create an adverb. Thus, if <i>takai</i>
        means &ldquo;high,&rdquo; then <i>takaku</i>
        means &ldquo;highly.&rdquo; If <i>sugoi</i>
        means &ldquo;incredible,&rdquo; then <i>sugoku</i>
        means &ldquo;incredibly.&rdquo; If <i>warui</i>
        means &ldquo;bad,&rdquo; then <i>waruku</i>
        means &ldquo;badly.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">As with the adjective conjugations, there&rsquo;s only one
        exception. In the case of the verb <i>ii</i>,
        &ldquo;good,&rdquo; use the ancient form <i>yoi</i>
        to create the adverb <i>yoku</i>,
        &ldquo;well&rdquo; (not <i>iku</i>).</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">As to placement in the sentence, adverbs are standalone
        units, so they can be placed practically anywhere, but as you get started, you might find it
        natural to put them right before the verb.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s try building a sentence together. Suppose we want to say &ldquo;The plane flew high (as in, high overhead).&rdquo; A simpler version of this sentence would
be <i>Hikouki wa tobimashita,</i> &ldquo;The plane flew.&rdquo; Now we want to add in the manner in which the plane flies. It flies &ldquo;highly.&rdquo;
Note that in English, there are a few adverbs that don&rsquo;t use the &ldquo;-ly&rdquo; ending. We would probably just say that the plane &ldquo;flies high.&rdquo; But 
since the word &ldquo;high&rdquo; is describing, not a thing (&ldquo;a high cloud&rdquo;) but the <i>manner</i> in which the action occurs, it&rsquo;s performing the role of 
an adverb.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We can start with the adjective <i>takai</i>. But since we&rsquo;re describing an action, we change the ending to <i>-ku</i>.
Our final sentence is:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s772" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hikoukiha-takaku-tobimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s772');" ontouchend="turnOff('s772');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s772');"><span class="nw">ひこうきは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たかく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">とびました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b772" onclick="showTranslation('b772', 't772');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b772');" ontouchend="turnOff('b772');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b772');">(show translation)</span><span id="t772" style="display:none;">The plane flew high.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s try the adjective <i>ii</i>, &ldquo;good.&rdquo; To change this to the adverb &ldquo;well,&rdquo; we have to use the 
old form <i>yoi</i>. We change the ending to <i>-ku</i> again, which gives us <i>yoku</i>. Here are a couple example sentences.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s773" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_JONsanha-PIANOwo-yoku-renshuu-shimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s773');" ontouchend="turnOff('s773');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s773');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ピアノを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">れんしゅう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b773" onclick="showTranslation('b773', 't773');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b773');" ontouchend="turnOff('b773');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b773');">(show translation)</span><span id="t773" style="display:none;">John practiced piano well.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s774" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_yoku-wakarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s774');" ontouchend="turnOff('s774');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s774');"><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わかりません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b774" onclick="showTranslation('b774', 't774');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b774');" ontouchend="turnOff('b774');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b774');">(show translation)</span><span id="t774" style="display:none;">I don&rsquo;t understand well.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>




<p class="bodycopy">In each of these examples, you can take out the <i>yoku</i> and still have an understandable,
        complete sentence. Without <i>yoku</i> John
        simply &ldquo;practiced piano.&rdquo; The <i>yoku</i>
        lets us know that he &ldquo;practiced piano <i>well</i>.&rdquo;</p>


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<p class="bodycopy"><i>Yoku</i> is a special
        adverb in that it also means &ldquo;often,&rdquo; so <i>Yoku hanashimashita</i> can mean &ldquo;I spoke often.&rdquo; You&rsquo;ll
        normally be able to tell which one the speaker means by the context. Here are a
        few examples of <i>yoku</i> meaning &ldquo;often.&rdquo;</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s775" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_AMERIKAni-yoku-ikimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s775');" ontouchend="turnOff('s775');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s775');"><span class="nw">アメリカに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b775" onclick="showTranslation('b775', 't775');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b775');" ontouchend="turnOff('b775');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b775');">(show translation)</span><span id="t775" style="display:none;">I go to America often.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s776" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_yoku-shinbunwo-yomimasu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s776');" ontouchend="turnOff('s776');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s776');"><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しんぶんを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よみます。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b776" onclick="showTranslation('b776', 't776');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b776');" ontouchend="turnOff('b776');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b776');">(show translation)</span><span id="t776" style="display:none;">I read the newspaper often.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s777" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_TEREBIwo-yoku-mimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s777');" ontouchend="turnOff('s777');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s777');"><span class="nw">テレビを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b777" onclick="showTranslation('b777', 't777');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b777');" ontouchend="turnOff('b777');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b777');">(show translation)</span><span id="t777" style="display:none;">I don&rsquo;t watch TV often.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Context can help determine which meaning of <i>yoku</i> is intended. For example, what
        could it mean to &ldquo;go well&rdquo;? But the biggest tipoff that <i>yoku</i> means &ldquo;often&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;well&rdquo; is that the verb is in the
        habitual present tense.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Another adverb you&rsquo;re likely to hear a lot is <i>sugoku</i>, &ldquo;incredibly.&rdquo; This
        normally gets used in conjunction with an adjective. We say things are
        &ldquo;incredibly big,&rdquo; or &ldquo;incredibly tasty.&rdquo; In Japanese, this
        is simply <i>sugoku ookii</i> or <i>sugoku oishii</i>.</p>


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    <title>Adverbs 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Here are a few examples
        of this:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s778" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_kono-udonha-sugoku-oishii');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s778');" ontouchend="turnOff('s778');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s778');"><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うどんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おいしい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b778" onclick="showTranslation('b778', 't778');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b778');" ontouchend="turnOff('b778');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b778');">(show translation)</span><span id="t778" style="display:none;">This udon is incredibly delicious.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s779" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_ano-BIRUha-sugoku-takai-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s779');" ontouchend="turnOff('s779');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s779');"><span class="nw">あの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ビルは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たかい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b779" onclick="showTranslation('b779', 't779');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b779');" ontouchend="turnOff('b779');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b779');">(show translation)</span><span id="t779" style="display:none;">That building is incredibly tall, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s780" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_JONsanha-sugoku-tsuyoi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s780');" ontouchend="turnOff('s780');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s780');"><span class="nw">ジョンさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">つよい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b780" onclick="showTranslation('b780', 't780');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b780');" ontouchend="turnOff('b780');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b780');">(show translation)</span><span id="t780" style="display:none;">John is incredibly strong.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s781" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_otenkiha-sugoku-ii-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s781');" ontouchend="turnOff('s781');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s781');"><span class="nw">おてんきは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b781" onclick="showTranslation('b781', 't781');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b781');" ontouchend="turnOff('b781');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b781');">(show translation)</span><span id="t781" style="display:none;">The weather is incredibly good, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">From the first hour you spend in Japan, you&rsquo;ll 
hear <i>sugoku</i> being used like this. But it&rsquo;s not uncommon to hear people use <i>sugoi</i>,
in the adjective form, where it really ought to be the adverb <i>sugoku</i>. For example, at a restaurant, 
you might hear someone say <i>Kono raamen wa <strong>sugoi oishii</strong>.</i> What&rsquo;s going on here?
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">This is an instance of people breaking the rules intentionally. It&rsquo;s very similar
to how you might hear someone say in English that something is &ldquo;real tasty.&rdquo; Correctly, that should be
&ldquo;really tasty,&rdquo; but sometimes people say it wrong on purpose to affect a certain casual feeling. 
It&rsquo;s exactly the same in Japanese. So don&rsquo;t be confused when you hear this. 
</p>


<p class="bodycopy">So now we know one way of creating adverbs&mdash;start with a true
        adjective, and simply change the <i>i</i> to
        <i>ku</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">But what about the other type of adjective in Japanese, the
        pseudo-adejectives, which don&rsquo;t end with a hiragana <i>i</i>?</p>


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    <title>Adverbs 5</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">
        First, let&rsquo;s take a look at a list of good candidates to become
        adverbs.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v725_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v725_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v725_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v725_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hontou');"><span class="nw">ほんとう</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">real</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v726_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v726_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v726_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v726_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_tashika');"><span class="nw">たしか</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">certain</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v727_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v727_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v727_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v727_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_zettai');"><span class="nw">ぜったい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">definite</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v728_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v728_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v728_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v728_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_jitsu');"><span class="nw">じつ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">true / actual</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v729_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v729_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v729_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v729_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_jissai');"><span class="nw">じっさい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">actual</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">We might use these adjectives with the word <i>desu</i> to say &ldquo;It is real&rdquo; or
        &ldquo;It is certain.&rdquo; But we can make them <i>adverbs</i> by adding <i>ni</i> at
        the end. For example, <i>hontou</i> means
        &ldquo;real,&rdquo; but <i>hontou ni</i> means
        &ldquo;really.&rdquo; <i>Tashika</i> means
        &ldquo;certain,&rdquo; but <i>tashika ni</i>
        means &ldquo;certainly.&rdquo; The <i>ni</i>
        corresponds to the ~ly in English. Let&rsquo;s see an example of each of these.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s782" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hontouni-sou-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s782');" ontouchend="turnOff('s782');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s782');"><span class="nw">ほんとうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">そう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b782" onclick="showTranslation('b782', 't782');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b782');" ontouchend="turnOff('b782');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b782');">(show translation)</span><span id="t782" style="display:none;">Is that really so?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s783" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_tashikani-honga-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s783');" ontouchend="turnOff('s783');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s783');"><span class="nw">たしかに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b783" onclick="showTranslation('b783', 't783');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b783');" ontouchend="turnOff('b783');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b783');">(show translation)</span><span id="t783" style="display:none;">Certainly, she likes books.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s784" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_zettaini-ikitai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s784');" ontouchend="turnOff('s784');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s784');"><span class="nw">ぜったいに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきたい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b784" onclick="showTranslation('b784', 't784');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b784');" ontouchend="turnOff('b784');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b784');">(show translation)</span><span id="t784" style="display:none;">I definitely want to go.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Adverbs 6</title>

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        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s785" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_jitsuni-sugoi-hito-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s785');" ontouchend="turnOff('s785');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s785');"><span class="nw">じつに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b785" onclick="showTranslation('b785', 't785');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b785');" ontouchend="turnOff('b785');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b785');">(show translation)</span><span id="t785" style="display:none;">He is truly an amazing person, isn&rsquo;t he?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s786" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_jissaini-inuwo-tabemashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s786');" ontouchend="turnOff('s786');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s786');"><span class="nw">じっさいに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いぬを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b786" onclick="showTranslation('b786', 't786');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b786');" ontouchend="turnOff('b786');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b786');">(show translation)</span><span id="t786" style="display:none;">He actually ate a dog.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">These words are used extremely commonly, especially <i>hontou ni </i>and<i> zettai ni</i>. 
        Here are a few more examples that use those two:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s787" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hontouni-gakkouni-imashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s787');" ontouchend="turnOff('s787');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s787');"><span class="nw">ほんとうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">がっこうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b787" onclick="showTranslation('b787', 't787');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b787');" ontouchend="turnOff('b787');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b787');">(show translation)</span><span id="t787" style="display:none;">I was really at school.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s788" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_kimiga-hontouni-suki-desuyo');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s788');" ontouchend="turnOff('s788');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s788');"><span class="nw">きみが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほんとうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですよ。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b788" onclick="showTranslation('b788', 't788');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b788');" ontouchend="turnOff('b788');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b788');">(show translation)</span><span id="t788" style="display:none;">I really like you.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s789" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_zettaini-sou-janai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s789');" ontouchend="turnOff('s789');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s789');"><span class="nw">ぜったいに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">そう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">じゃない。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b789" onclick="showTranslation('b789', 't789');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b789');" ontouchend="turnOff('b789');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b789');">(show translation)</span><span id="t789" style="display:none;">It is definitely not so.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s790" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_zettaini-sushiwo-tabemasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s790');" ontouchend="turnOff('s790');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s790');"><span class="nw">ぜったいに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すしを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b790" onclick="showTranslation('b790', 't790');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b790');" ontouchend="turnOff('b790');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b790');">(show translation)</span><span id="t790" style="display:none;">I will definitely not eat sushi.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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    <title>Adverbs 7</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Adverbs are pretty easy in Japanese. The only difficult
        thing can be recognizing the need for them, especially when
        you&rsquo;re getting started and perhaps translating over from
        English sentence in your head. For example, take the sentence, &ldquo;I got up
        early.&rdquo; Some beginning students fail to see &ldquo;early&rdquo; as an adverb
        and translate this as <i>Hayai okimashita </i>(<i>okimasu</i> = &ldquo;to get up&rdquo;<i>)</i>.
        However, what is <i>hayai</i> modifying? You can&rsquo;t have an adjective just hanging out in
        the middle of a sentence, not acting on anything.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Adjectives only describes nouns. 
So we can talk about a <i>hayai densha</i> (&ldquo;fast/early train&rdquo;) or <i>hayai ashi</i> (&ldquo;fast legs&rdquo;). 
With an adjective like <i>hayai</i>, you should always be able to answer the question &ldquo;a <i>hayai</i> what?&rdquo;
Clearly, something different is happening in a sentence about getting up early.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">If <i>hayai</i> is not describing a thing, but 
        the <i>manner</i> in which the verb was carried
        out, then it must actually be an adverb, acting on the following verb, <i>okimasu</i>.
        Therefore, the correct grammar is <i>Haya<strong>ku</strong> okimashita</i>.
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Some other examples using <i>hayai</i> in the adverb form might be:</p>

<ul class="bodycopy">
    <li><i>Hayaku kite kudasai</i>, &ldquo;Please come quickly.&rdquo;</li>
    <li><i>Hayaku shite kudasai</i>, &ldquo;Please do it quickly.&rdquo;</li>
    <li><i>Hayaku, ano tori wo mite!</i>, &ldquo;Quick, look at that bird!&rdquo;</li>
</ul>

<p class="bodycopy">In the last example, I used the word &ldquo;quick&rdquo; in the translation instead of the more correct &ldquo;quickly&rdquo;
because this is how
we often say this kind of thing in natural English. 
However, the word is not describing a noun. It&rsquo;s certainly not meant to describe the bird. (It&rsquo;s not saying to look at the &ldquo;quick bird.&rdquo;)
It&rsquo;s telling <i>how</i> we should <i>look</i>, which means that it is performing the role of an adverb.
In Japanese, we absolutely must use the adverb <i>hayaku</i>.</p>
 


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    <title>Adverbs 8</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Dialog</div>


<p class="bodycopy">To finish up, let&rsquo;s look on John and Mariko as they use some adverbs for us.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s791" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_kono-SE-TA-ha-sogoku-kirei-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s791');" ontouchend="turnOff('s791');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s791');"><span class="nw">この　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">セーターは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きれい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b791" onclick="showTranslation('b791', 't791');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b791');" ontouchend="turnOff('b791');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b791');">(show translation)</span><span id="t791" style="display:none;">This sweater is incredibly pretty, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s792" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_sou-desunekaimasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s792');" ontouchend="turnOff('s792');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s792');"><span class="nw">そう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かいますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b792" onclick="showTranslation('b792', 't792');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b792');" ontouchend="turnOff('b792');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b792');">(show translation)</span><span id="t792" style="display:none;">Yes, it is. Are you going to buy it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s793" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hontouni-kaitai-kedo,-okanega-nai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s793');" ontouchend="turnOff('s793');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s793');"><span class="nw">ほんとうに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かいたい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">けど、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おかねが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ない。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b793" onclick="showTranslation('b793', 't793');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b793');" ontouchend="turnOff('b793');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b793');">(show translation)</span><span id="t793" style="display:none;">I really want to buy it, but I don&rsquo;t have the money.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s794" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_watashiga-kaimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s794');" ontouchend="turnOff('s794');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s794');"><span class="nw">わたしが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かいましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b794" onclick="showTranslation('b794', 't794');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b794');" ontouchend="turnOff('b794');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b794');">(show translation)</span><span id="t794" style="display:none;">Shall I buy it?</span></div>
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                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s795" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_hontounisugoku-ureshii-arigatou');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s795');" ontouchend="turnOff('s795');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s795');"><span class="nw">ほんとうに？すごく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">うれしい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありがとう。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b795" onclick="showTranslation('b795', 't795');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b795');" ontouchend="turnOff('b795');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b795');">(show translation)</span><span id="t795" style="display:none;">Really? I&rsquo;m so happy! Thank you.</span></div>
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                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adverbs-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s796" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_dou-itashimashite-kyouno-hirugohanha-dokode-tabemashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s796');" ontouchend="turnOff('s796');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s796');"><span class="nw">どう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いたしまして。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きょうの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひるごはんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どこで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b796" onclick="showTranslation('b796', 't796');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b796');" ontouchend="turnOff('b796');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b796');">(show translation)</span><span id="t796" style="display:none;">You&rsquo;re welcome. Where shall we eat lunch today?</span></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s797" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_kyou-zettaini-donburiwo-tabetai-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s797');" ontouchend="turnOff('s797');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s797');"><span class="nw">きょう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ぜったいに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">どんぶりを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべたい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b797" onclick="showTranslation('b797', 't797');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b797');" ontouchend="turnOff('b797');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b797');">(show translation)</span><span id="t797" style="display:none;">I definitely want to eat donburi today.</span></div>
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                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s798" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_donburiwo-yoku-tabemasune-watashiha-tenpuraga-tabetai-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s798');" ontouchend="turnOff('s798');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s798');"><span class="nw">どんぶりを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">よく　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべますね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">てんぷらが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべたい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b798" onclick="showTranslation('b798', 't798');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b798');" ontouchend="turnOff('b798');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b798');">(show translation)</span><span id="t798" style="display:none;">You eat donburi often, don&rsquo;t you? I think I want to have tenpura.</span></div>
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            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
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                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
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                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s799" onclick="playSound('Adverbs_ja,ikimashouka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s799');" ontouchend="turnOff('s799');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s799');"><span class="nw">じゃ、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いきましょうか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b799" onclick="showTranslation('b799', 't799');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b799');" ontouchend="turnOff('b799');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b799');">(show translation)</span><span id="t799" style="display:none;">Okay then, shall we go?</span></div>
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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">In this lesson, we learned how to create adverbs. 
We saw that there are two ways of creating adverbs. For true Japanese adjectives,
we simply change the final <i>i</i> to <i>ku</i>. For example, <i>sugoi</i> (&ldquo;incredible&rdquo;) 
becomes <i>sugoku</i> (&ldquo;incredibly&rdquo;).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For non-conjugating adjectives, we learned that we can simply add a <i>ni</i>. 
For example, <i>tashika</i> (&ldquo;certain&rdquo;) becomes <i>tashika ni</i> (&ldquo;certainly&rdquo;).</p> 

<p class="bodycopy">We saw that adverb phrases are units that can be
        dropped into a sentence just about anywhere, but they often come at the very
        beginning or directly before the verb.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We observed that using
        adverbs really increases the naturalness of your Japanese, because they allow
        you to describe how a verb was carried out (&ldquo;he went <strong>quickly</strong>&rdquo;) or modify the intensity of an
        adjective (&ldquo;this is <strong>really</strong> delicious&rdquo;). </p>

<p class="bodycopy">Make sense? Do a quick sanity check with the quizzes below before heading on.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our last vocab lesson, we&rsquo;ll be learning some additional vocabulary about the weather.</p>
    
          
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