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    <title>Adjectives 1</title>

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        <div class="chapter_number">Chapter 34</div>
        <div class="chapter_name">Adjectives</div>
        <div class="blurb">Adjectives are words that describe nouns. &ldquo;Blue,&rdquo; &ldquo;happy,&rdquo;
        and &ldquo;crunchy&rdquo; are all examples of adjectives. Up until now, we&rsquo;ve seen only one
        adjective&mdash;the word &ldquo;good,&rdquo; ii. In this lesson, we&rsquo;ll be learning lots more. But
        first, let&rsquo;s review briefly two different ways in which we can use adjectives.</div>
        <div><img src="divider@2x.png" class="divider" /></div>

<p class="bodycopy">The simplest way is the &ldquo;adjective plus copula&rdquo;
        construction. In English, this corresponds to &ldquo;It is good,&rdquo; &ldquo;It is round,&rdquo; and
        so on. In Japanese, the structure is &lt;adjective&gt; <i>desu</i>. 
        We saw earlier that we could express &ldquo;It is good&rdquo; as<i> Ii desu</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The other adjective construction has the adjective directly
        modifying a noun that comes immediately after. English examples include &ldquo;It is
        a sunny day,&rdquo; &ldquo;He is a nice man,&rdquo; and &ldquo;It is a furry dog.&rdquo; Japanese allows this
        also. We simply put the adjective directly before the noun it describes, as in
        the sentence <i>Ii o-tenki desu</i>, &ldquo;It is
        good weather.&rdquo; Let&rsquo;s get started by learning a few adjectives.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v541_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v541_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v541_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v541_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_aoi');"><span class="nw">あおい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">blue-green</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v542_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v542_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v542_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v542_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_akai');"><span class="nw">あかい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">red</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v543_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v543_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v543_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v543_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_shiroi');"><span class="nw">しろい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">white</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v544_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v544_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v544_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v544_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kuroi');"><span class="nw">くろい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">black</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v545_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v545_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v545_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v545_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kiiroi');"><span class="nw">きいろい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">yellow</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
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    <title>Adjectives 2</title>

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            <div class="important_message">
                
    Note that the Japanese word <i>aoi</i> doesn&rsquo;t necessarily indicate the exact color &ldquo;blue-green.&rdquo; Instead,
    it encompasses the spectrum between blue and green. <i>Aoi</i> is used to describe both the color of grass 
    and the color of the sky.
            </div>
        </div>

<p class="bodycopy">We can put these adjectives to use very easily. Let&rsquo;s start
        by using the first construction, the simple <i>&lt;adjective&gt;
        desu</i> construction.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-10');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s556" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_aoi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s556');" ontouchend="turnOff('s556');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s556');"><span class="nw">あおい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b556" onclick="showTranslation('b556', 't556');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b556');" ontouchend="turnOff('b556');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b556');">(show translation)</span><span id="t556" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s blue-green.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-20');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s557" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_shiroi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s557');" ontouchend="turnOff('s557');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s557');"><span class="nw">しろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b557" onclick="showTranslation('b557', 't557');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b557');" ontouchend="turnOff('b557');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b557');">(show translation)</span><span id="t557" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s white.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">We can expand these sentences if we like by adding a <i>wa</i> phrase in the beginning.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-30');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s558" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_inuha-kuroi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s558');" ontouchend="turnOff('s558');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s558');"><span class="nw">いぬは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b558" onclick="showTranslation('b558', 't558');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b558');" ontouchend="turnOff('b558');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b558');">(show translation)</span><span id="t558" style="display:none;">The dog is black.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-40');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s559" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_ringoha-akai-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s559');" ontouchend="turnOff('s559');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s559');"><span class="nw">りんごは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あかい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b559" onclick="showTranslation('b559', 't559');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b559');" ontouchend="turnOff('b559');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b559');">(show translation)</span><span id="t559" style="display:none;">Apples are red.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-50');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s560" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_soraha-aoi-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s560');" ontouchend="turnOff('s560');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s560');"><span class="nw">そらは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あおい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b560" onclick="showTranslation('b560', 't560');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b560');" ontouchend="turnOff('b560');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b560');">(show translation)</span><span id="t560" style="display:none;">The sky is blue.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

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        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>



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    <title>Adjectives 3</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s try the
        other construction, in which the adjective directly modifies the following
        noun.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-60');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s561" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kuroi-inu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s561');" ontouchend="turnOff('s561');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s561');"><span class="nw">くろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いぬ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b561" onclick="showTranslation('b561', 't561');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b561');" ontouchend="turnOff('b561');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b561');">(show translation)</span><span id="t561" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s a black dog.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-70');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s562" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_akai-ringo-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s562');" ontouchend="turnOff('s562');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s562');"><span class="nw">あかい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">りんご　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b562" onclick="showTranslation('b562', 't562');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b562');" ontouchend="turnOff('b562');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b562');">(show translation)</span><span id="t562" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s a red apple.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-80');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s563" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_aoi-sora-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s563');" ontouchend="turnOff('s563');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s563');"><span class="nw">あおい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">そら　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b563" onclick="showTranslation('b563', 't563');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b563');" ontouchend="turnOff('b563');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b563');">(show translation)</span><span id="t563" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s a blue sky.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">It&rsquo;s important to notice how these two constructions differ.
        Instead of saying &ldquo;The dog is black,&rdquo; this time we&rsquo;re saying, &ldquo;It is a black
        dog.&rdquo; In the latter sentence, &ldquo;black&rdquo; directly modifies &ldquo;dog.&rdquo; &ldquo;Black dog&rdquo; is a
        single unit. The Japanese also reflects this. This is an important distinction to
        make, as we will see shortly.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">For example, imagine that we want to say, &ldquo;You are a good
        teacher.&rdquo; Some students will initially go for <i>Sensei wa ii desu</i>, but this means &ldquo;The teacher is good.&rdquo; Searching
        for a place to splice in <i>anata wa</i>,
        students end up with a very strange and jumbled sentence that looks something
        like <i>Anata wa sensei wa ii desu</i>. This
        is no good.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">What we need to do is first recognize that &ldquo;good&rdquo; is
        immediately modifying &ldquo;teacher.&rdquo; So in Japanese, we&rsquo;re going to use <i>ii sensei</i> as a single unit&mdash;&ldquo;a good
        teacher.&rdquo; Now it comes together quickly and painlessly: <i>Anata wa ii sensei desu</i>.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 4</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Here are a few more examples of this type of construction:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-90');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s564" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_koreha-shiroi-neko-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s564');" ontouchend="turnOff('s564');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s564');"><span class="nw">これは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b564" onclick="showTranslation('b564', 't564');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b564');" ontouchend="turnOff('b564');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b564');">(show translation)</span><span id="t564" style="display:none;">This is a white cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-100');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s565" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_areha-aoi-kuruma-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s565');" ontouchend="turnOff('s565');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s565');"><span class="nw">あれは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あおい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるま　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b565" onclick="showTranslation('b565', 't565');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b565');" ontouchend="turnOff('b565');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b565');">(show translation)</span><span id="t565" style="display:none;">That is a blue car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-110');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s566" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_soreha-kiiroi-enpitsu-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s566');" ontouchend="turnOff('s566');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s566');"><span class="nw">それは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きいろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えんぴつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b566" onclick="showTranslation('b566', 't566');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b566');" ontouchend="turnOff('b566');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b566');">(show translation)</span><span id="t566" style="display:none;">That is a yellow pencil.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-120');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s567" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_koreha-shiroi-gomibako-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s567');" ontouchend="turnOff('s567');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s567');"><span class="nw">これは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ごみばこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b567" onclick="showTranslation('b567', 't567');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b567');" ontouchend="turnOff('b567');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b567');">(show translation)</span><span id="t567" style="display:none;">This is not a white garbage can.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-130');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s568" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_soreha-JONsanno-kuroi-hon-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s568');" ontouchend="turnOff('s568');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s568');"><span class="nw">それは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ジョンさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くろい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ほん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b568" onclick="showTranslation('b568', 't568');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b568');" ontouchend="turnOff('b568');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b568');">(show translation)</span><span id="t568" style="display:none;">That was John&rsquo;s black book.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Simple enough, right? Not so fast. You noticed, I&rsquo;m sure,
        that our selection of colors on the first list was rather limited. That&rsquo;s
        because adjectives in Japanese aren&rsquo;t quite as straightforward as they are in
        English. Let&rsquo;s learn some more vocabulary and then find out more about the
        strange and wonderful world that is Japanese.</p>


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        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v546_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v546_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v546_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v546_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_midori');"><span class="nw">みどり</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">green</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v547_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v547_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v547_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v547_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_murasaki');"><span class="nw">むらさき</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">purple</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v548_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v548_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v548_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v548_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_iro');"><span class="nw">いろ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">color</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v549_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v549_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v549_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v549_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_chairo');"><span class="nw">ちゃいろ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">brown</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v550_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v550_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v550_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v550_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_orenjiiro');"><span class="nw">オレンジいろ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">orange</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v551_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v551_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v551_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v551_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_nezumiiro');"><span class="nw">ねずみいろ</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">grey</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v552_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v552_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v552_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v552_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_guree');"><span class="nw">グレー</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">grey</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->

<p class="bodycopy">I included the noun <i>iro</i>
        on the list so you would know what&rsquo;s happening with the last three of those
        colors. <i>Chairo</i>, for example, means
        literally &ldquo;tea color.&rdquo; <i>Orenji-iro</i>
        means &ldquo;oranges (the fruit) color.&rdquo; <i>Nezumiiro</i>
        means, amusingly enough, &ldquo;mouse color.&rdquo; 
I also included the loanword <i>guree</i>, as this is also used commonly, especially by younger people.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Now get ready for the shocker. These colors are all nouns,
        not adjectives.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let me repeat, these words are nouns.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To understand this, translate <i>murasaki</i> not as &ldquo;purple,&rdquo; but as &ldquo;the color purple.&rdquo; That works
        fine for sentences like &ldquo;The dish is {the color purple},&rdquo; but how do you
        directly describe other nouns with it? After all, it doesn&rsquo;t make sense to say
        &ldquo;He was holding a {the color purple} dish.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">In English, one solution would be to rig something like &ldquo;He
was holding a dish of {the color purple}.&rdquo; If you look closely, you can see
that the dish actually belongs to the color purple. This is apparent from the
word &ldquo;of&rdquo; hiding in there.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 6</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">You may think it strange that a dish should belong to a
        color, but perhaps it will help to think of the dish as belonging to the realm
        of purple things. We can accomplish this in Japanese by using the possessive <i>no</i>:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-140');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s569" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_murasakino-sara-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s569');" ontouchend="turnOff('s569');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s569');"><span class="nw">むらさきの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">さら　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b569" onclick="showTranslation('b569', 't569');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b569');" ontouchend="turnOff('b569');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b569');">(show translation)</span><span id="t569" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s a dish of the color purple. = It&rsquo;s a purple dish.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">So when using the above colors as direct modifiers (words
        that describe the immediately following noun), we must use <i>no</i>. Here are a few more examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-150');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s570" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_midorino-enpitsuga-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s570');" ontouchend="turnOff('s570');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s570');"><span class="nw">みどりの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えんぴつが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b570" onclick="showTranslation('b570', 't570');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b570');" ontouchend="turnOff('b570');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b570');">(show translation)</span><span id="t570" style="display:none;">I like green pencils.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-160');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s571" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_chairono-kurumawo-mimashita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s571');" ontouchend="turnOff('s571');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s571');"><span class="nw">ちゃいろの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くるまを　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">みました。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b571" onclick="showTranslation('b571', 't571');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b571');" ontouchend="turnOff('b571');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b571');">(show translation)</span><span id="t571" style="display:none;">I saw a brown car.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-170');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s572" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_hanakochanha-ORENJIirono-neko-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s572');" ontouchend="turnOff('s572');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s572');"><span class="nw">はなこちゃんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">オレンジいろの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b572" onclick="showTranslation('b572', 't572');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b572');" ontouchend="turnOff('b572');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b572');">(show translation)</span><span id="t572" style="display:none;">Hanako is an orange cat.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">For colors, we&rsquo;ve seen real adjectives&mdash;ones that can
        directly attach to nouns, and fake adjectives&mdash;ones that are actually nouns,
        which we must attach to other nouns by using <i>no</i>. It turns out that this &ldquo;real versus fake&rdquo; adjective dichotomy
        is not limited to colors.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 7</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Japanese has thousands of pseudo-adjectives that behave like
        adjectives, except that they cannot attach directly to nouns. Instead, they
        require a word as a buffer between the pseudo-adjective and the noun. As we&rsquo;ve
        seen, that word is <i>no</i> for colors. But
        for almost everything else, that word is <i>na</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Some
        examples will help clarify this. Let&rsquo;s learn a few of these fake adjectives and
        then see them in action.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v553_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v553_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v553_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v553_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_jouzu');"><span class="nw">じょうず</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">good (skilled)</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v554_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v554_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v554_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v554_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_heta');"><span class="nw">へた</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">bad (unskilled)</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v555_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v555_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v555_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v555_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_hen');"><span class="nw">へん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">strange / weird</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v556_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v556_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v556_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v556_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kirei');"><span class="nw">きれい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">clean / pretty</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v557_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v557_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v557_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v557_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kantan');"><span class="nw">かんたん</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">simple</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v558_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v558_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v558_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v558_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_suki');"><span class="nw">すき</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">likeable</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v559_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v559_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v559_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v559_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kirai');"><span class="nw">きらい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">disagreeable</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>Adjectives 8</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">We can join these up with nouns by using <i>na</i>.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-180');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s573" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_jouzuna-sensei');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s573');" ontouchend="turnOff('s573');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s573');"><span class="nw">じょうずな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b573" onclick="showTranslation('b573', 't573');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b573');" ontouchend="turnOff('b573');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b573');">(show translation)</span><span id="t573" style="display:none;">A skilled teacher</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-190');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s574" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_henna-hito');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s574');" ontouchend="turnOff('s574');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s574');"><span class="nw">へんな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b574" onclick="showTranslation('b574', 't574');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b574');" ontouchend="turnOff('b574');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b574');">(show translation)</span><span id="t574" style="display:none;">A strange person</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-200');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s575" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kantanna-TESTO');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s575');" ontouchend="turnOff('s575');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s575');"><span class="nw">かんたんな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">テスト</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b575" onclick="showTranslation('b575', 't575');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b575');" ontouchend="turnOff('b575');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b575');">(show translation)</span><span id="t575" style="display:none;">A simple test</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-210');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s576" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_sukina-eiga');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s576');" ontouchend="turnOff('s576');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s576');"><span class="nw">すきな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">えいが</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b576" onclick="showTranslation('b576', 't576');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b576');" ontouchend="turnOff('b576');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b576');">(show translation)</span><span id="t576" style="display:none;">A likeable movie (that is, a movie that I like)</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice that we can use the words <i>suki</i> and <i>kirai</i>, which we
        have already encountered, as adjectives, to say &ldquo;likeable&rdquo; or &ldquo;disagreeable.&rdquo; In
        English we&rsquo;re more likely to say &ldquo;A movie that I like&rdquo; than &ldquo;A likeable movie,&rdquo;
        but this construction is used frequently in Japanese. Note, however, that when
        you say &ldquo;a likeable movie,&rdquo; you mean a movie that you personally like, not just
        one that people in general enjoy.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">You can say <i>suki na
        hito</i> to mean a person that you like, as in, one that you have a crush on. And
        of course, <i>kirai na hito</i> would mean a
        person that you intensely dislike.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 9</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Look at the following complete sentence examples:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-220');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s577" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_marikosan,sukina-hitoga-imasuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s577');" ontouchend="turnOff('s577');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s577');"><span class="nw">まりこさん、</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すきな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひとが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いますか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b577" onclick="showTranslation('b577', 't577');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b577');" ontouchend="turnOff('b577');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b577');">(show translation)</span><span id="t577" style="display:none;">Mariko, is there a person you like?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-230');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s578" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_koreha-henna-tabemono-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s578');" ontouchend="turnOff('s578');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s578');"><span class="nw">これは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">へんな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">たべもの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b578" onclick="showTranslation('b578', 't578');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b578');" ontouchend="turnOff('b578');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b578');">(show translation)</span><span id="t578" style="display:none;">This is a strange food, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-240');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s579" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_suzukisanha-hetana-sensei-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s579');" ontouchend="turnOff('s579');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s579');"><span class="nw">すずきさんは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">へたな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">せんせい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b579" onclick="showTranslation('b579', 't579');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b579');" ontouchend="turnOff('b579');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b579');">(show translation)</span><span id="t579" style="display:none;">Mr. Suzuki is a bad teacher, isn&rsquo;t he?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">To recap, we&rsquo;ve established so far three categories of
 adjectives:</p>

<ol class="bodycopy">
     <li>We have <b>true adjectives</b>, like <i>kuroi</i> and <i>shiroi</i>, which
        attach directly to nouns and behave in pretty much the way we expect.</li>
    <li>We have <b>fake adjective colors</b>, which are actually nouns, and which we
        must attach to other nouns by using <i>no</i>.</li>
    <li>Finally, we have <b>pseudo-adjectives</b>, which are different from
        the real adjectives in that we must attach them to nouns by using a <i>na</i> as a buffer.</li>
</ol>

<p class="bodycopy">So far, so good. Let&rsquo;s return to the category of true
 adjectives, because Japanese has one more plot twist in store for us.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 10</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s imagine we want to say that the cat is black. Simple
        enough: <i>Neko wa kuroi desu</i>. But what
        if we want to say the cat <i>was</i> black? Our
        natural impulse is the change <i>desu</i> to
        <i>deshita</i>. This is where Japanese
        throws us English speakers a bit of a curveball.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">It turns out that true Japanese adjectives have the power to
        conjugate (or change form) just like verbs! So to say, &ldquo;It was black,&rdquo; we
        actually put the <b>adjective</b> in the
        past tense, not <i>desu</i>! How does this
        work? Relax, it&rsquo;s a very simple pattern.</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con29" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_i');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con29');" ontouchend="turnOff('con29');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con29');">～い</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con30" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kunai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con30');" ontouchend="turnOff('con30');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con30');">～くない</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con31" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_katta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con31');" ontouchend="turnOff('con31');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con31');">～かった</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con32" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kunakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con32');" ontouchend="turnOff('con32');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con32');">～くなかった</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">Perhaps you noticed that all of the true adjectives we&rsquo;ve
        seen so far end in the hiragana character <i>i</i>.
        It turns out that all true adjectives in Japanese end in <i>i</i>. 
        In fact, if an adjective does not end in <i>i</i> (such as <i>hen</i> and <i>kantan</i> from the previous set), then you
        know for sure that it is a pseudo-adjective, not a true adjective.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">That bears repeating. <b>Remember: All true Japanese adjectives end with い.</b></p>


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    <title>Adjectives 11</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">The reason the <i>i</i>
        is important becomes clear when you look at the chart above. The <i>i</i> is the gateway through which the adjective
        conjugates. Take a look at the chart again...</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con33" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_i');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con33');" ontouchend="turnOff('con33');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con33');">～い</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con34" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kunai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con34');" ontouchend="turnOff('con34');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con34');">～くない</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con35" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_katta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con35');" ontouchend="turnOff('con35');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con35');">～かった</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con36" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kunakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con36');" ontouchend="turnOff('con36');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con36');">～くなかった</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">...and now watch what happens when we overlay the adjective <i>kuroi</i> on this chart:</p>

        <!-- Start conjugation table -->
        <div class="conjugation_table_container">
            
            <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="conjugation_table">
                
                <tr>
                    <td width="30%"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl">Positive</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_header_divider conjugation_stroke_top"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                    <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_radius_tr">Negative</td>
                </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_top conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_radius_tl" valign="top">Present</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con37" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kuroi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con37');" ontouchend="turnOff('con37');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con37');">くろい</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con38" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kurokunai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con38');" ontouchend="turnOff('con38');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con38');">くろくない</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Line -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_divider conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

                <tr>
		            <td class="conjugation_header conjugation_stroke_left" valign="top">Past</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con39" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kurokatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con39');" ontouchend="turnOff('con39');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con39');">くろかった</td>
		            <td class="conjugation_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		            <td class="conjugation_japanese conjugation_stroke_right conjugation_not_dimmed conjugation_clickable" id="con40" valign="top" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kurokunakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('con40');" ontouchend="turnOff('con40');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('con40');">くろくなかった</td>
                </tr>

                <!-- Footer -->
	            <tr>
		            <td colspan="5" class="conjugation_footer conjugation_stroke_left conjugation_stroke_bottom conjugation_stroke_right"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	            </tr>

            </table>

        </div>
        <!-- End conjugation table -->


<p class="bodycopy">You can identify <i>kuroi</i>
        as belonging to the upper left cell in the table, since it ends in <i>i</i>. 
        So <i>kuroi</i> is positive and present&mdash;it means &ldquo;It is black.&rdquo; We&rsquo;ve been
        saying <i>kuroi desu</i>, but the <i>desu</i> is not actually necessary. It only
        makes the sentence more polite. Since <i>kuroi</i> is
        conjugate-able, it is treated much like verbs and qualifies to stand all alone.
        <b><i>Kuroi</i>
        all by itself is a complete sentence that means &ldquo;It is black.&rdquo;</b></p>

<p class="bodycopy">To go to the negative, we drop the <i>i</i> and add <i>kunai</i>. <i>Kurokunai</i> means &ldquo;It is not black.&rdquo;</p>

<p class="bodycopy">The positive past tense, <i>kurokatta</i>,
        means &ldquo;It was black.&rdquo; And finally, <i>kurokunakatta</i>
        gives us &ldquo;It was not black.&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 12</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Now let&rsquo;s try using these adjectives in longer sentences.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-250');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s580" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_watashino-nekoha-kuroi');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s580');" ontouchend="turnOff('s580');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s580');"><span class="nw">わたしの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ねこは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">くろい。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b580" onclick="showTranslation('b580', 't580');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b580');" ontouchend="turnOff('b580');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b580');">(show translation)</span><span id="t580" style="display:none;">My cat is black.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-260');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s581" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_TOIREno-kabeha-akakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s581');" ontouchend="turnOff('s581');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s581');"><span class="nw">トイレの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">かべは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あかかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b581" onclick="showTranslation('b581', 't581');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b581');" ontouchend="turnOff('b581');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b581');">(show translation)</span><span id="t581" style="display:none;">The walls of the bathroom were red.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-270');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s582" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_sono-hanaha-shirokunakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s582');" ontouchend="turnOff('s582');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s582');"><span class="nw">その　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">はなは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">しろくなかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b582" onclick="showTranslation('b582', 't582');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b582');" ontouchend="turnOff('b582');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b582');">(show translation)</span><span id="t582" style="display:none;">That flower was not white.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-280');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s583" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_soroha-aokatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s583');" ontouchend="turnOff('s583');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s583');"><span class="nw">そらは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あおかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b583" onclick="showTranslation('b583', 't583');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b583');" ontouchend="turnOff('b583');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b583');">(show translation)</span><span id="t583" style="display:none;">The sky was blue.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-290');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s584" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_mizuha-aokunai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s584');" ontouchend="turnOff('s584');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s584');"><span class="nw">みずは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あおくない。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b584" onclick="showTranslation('b584', 't584');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b584');" ontouchend="turnOff('b584');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b584');">(show translation)</span><span id="t584" style="display:none;">The water is not blue.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Notice in these examples that there is no verb at the end.
        That&rsquo;s because the adjective is performing the role of a verb. In Japanese,
        conjugating adjectives are treated like verbs, so we haven&rsquo;t broken the
        cardinal rule that every Japanese sentence must end with a verb.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">The fact that Japanese adjectives conjugate at all probably
        feels pretty strange, but take solace in the fact that they conjugate extremely
        uniformly. In fact, there is only one true Japanese adjective in the whole
        language that is irregular. It is <i>ii</i>,
        &ldquo;good.&rdquo; Instead of changing to <i>ikunai</i>, <i>ikatta</i>, and <i>ikunakatta</i>, as we would
        expect, it always conjugates using an older form, <i>yoi</i>. So the past tense is <i>yokatta</i>
        (not <i>ikatta</i>). The negative is <i>yokunai</i> (not <i>ikunai</i>), 
        and the past negative is <i>yokunakatta</i> (not <i>ikunakatta</i>).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So now we know how to conjugate true Japanese adjectives.
        The question is, when is this necessary? Only conjugate adjectives when they
        are sitting at the very end of a sentence and not modifying anything directly.
        For example, if we were to change the following sentences into Japanese,</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <ul class="example_english_only_list">
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">The cloud is white.</li>
                        <li class="example_english_only_item">The cat is black.</li>

                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


<p class="bodycopy">we would find that the adjective would come last. The
        translations would be <i>Kumo wa shiroi</i>
        and <i>neko wa kuroi</i>. In such a case,
        you must conjugate the adjective to reflect any tense information. So to change
        the first sentence to &ldquo;The cloud <i>was</i>
        white,&rdquo; we would conjugate the adjective <i>shiroi</i>
        to the past tense: <i>Kumo wa shiro<b>katta</b></i>.
        If we did add <i>desu</i> on the end for the
        sake of politeness, it would only be ornamental, and it would not change to
        reflect different tenses.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 14</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s consider what happens when a pseudo-adjective is
        placed at the end of the same sentence. We&rsquo;ll change the sentence above to &ldquo;The
        cloud is grey.&rdquo; Our translation will become <i>Kumo
        wa nezumi-iro desu</i>. Unlike true Japanese adjectives, the pseudos absolutely
        require the <i>desu</i> on the end. They are
        not conjugatable, hence they cannot end a sentence on their own.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Therefore, when we change &ldquo;The cloud is grey&rdquo; to &ldquo;The cloud
        was grey,&rdquo; we simply change the tense of the copula: <i>Kumo wa nezumi-iro <b>deshita</b></i>.
        Compare this to the above sentence that uses a true Japanese adjective.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">So the rule is to conjugate true Japanese adjectives at the
        end of a sentence, but to conjugate the copula in the case of pseudos. What
        happens for adjectives in the middle of sentences?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">First let&rsquo;s create an example sentence: &ldquo;This is a white
        book.&rdquo; Our translation will be <i>Kore wa
        shiroi hon desu</i>. Now, if we want to make this past tense, as in &ldquo;This was a
        white book,&rdquo; what will we do? Will we conjugate <i>shiroi</i> to <i>shirokatta</i>
        right in the middle of the sentence? Or will we conjugate the copula from <i>desu</i> to <i>deshita</i>?</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To answer this question, think about what this sentence is
        at its most basic level. Really, if we were to remove all the excess baggage, the
        crux of this sentence is really just <i>Hon
        desu</i>, &ldquo;It&rsquo;s a book.&rdquo; Therefore, to make this past tense, we simply change <i>desu</i> to <i>deshita</i>. Our finished product is <i>Kore wa shiroi hon deshita</i>. <i>Shiroi</i>
        does not change, because it is in the middle of the sentence, modifying the
        following noun.</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 15</title>

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<p class="bodycopy">For the sake of review, let&rsquo;s look at the same sentence with
        a pseudo-adjective: &ldquo;This is a simple book.&rdquo; Our Japanese will be <i>Kore wa kantan na hon desu</i>. How will
        we make this past tense? Well, in this case we don&rsquo;t even have an option. The
        only thing there is to conjugate is the copula. Our finished product is <i>Kore wa kantan na hon deshita</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">To sum up: Only conjugate true Japanese adjectives when they
        end a sentence. In such cases, it is not necessary to include <i>desu</i> on the end, but you should if you
        want to be polite. If you do use <i>desu</i>,
        it does not conjugate along with the adjective. It just sits there as an
        ornament, reflecting nothing except that fact that you are trying to be polite.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s look at another set of true Japanese adjectives and
        see what more we can learn.</p>

        <!-- Start vocab table -->
        <div class="vocab_table_container">
            
	        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="vocab_table">
	        <!-- Headers row -->
	        <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tl" width="50%">Word</td>
		        <td class="vocab_header_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                        <td class="vocab_header vocab_radius_tr" width="50%">Meaning</td>
	        </tr>

                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v560_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v560_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v560_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v560_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_atsui');"><span class="nw">あつい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">hot</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v561_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v561_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v561_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v561_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_mushi-atsui');"><span class="nw">むし　</span> <span class="nw">あつい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">hot and humid</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v562_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v562_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v562_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v562_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_samui');"><span class="nw">さむい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">cold (air)</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v563_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v563_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v563_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v563_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_tsumetai');"><span class="nw">つめたい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">cold to the touch</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v564_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v564_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v564_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v564_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_atatakai');"><span class="nw">あたたかい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">warm</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_even_row vocab_clickable_even" valign="top" id="v565_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v565_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v565_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v565_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_suzushii');"><span class="nw">すずしい</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_even_row" valign="top">cool</td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Line -->
                <tr>
                        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
                </tr>
                <!-- Item row -->
                <tr>
		        <td class="vocab_japanese vocab_odd_row vocab_clickable_odd" valign="top" id="v566_col1" ontouchstart="turnOn('v566_col1');" ontouchend="turnOff('v566_col1');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('v566_col1');" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_nai');"><span class="nw">ない</span> </td>
		        <td class="vocab_divider"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
		        <td class="vocab_english vocab_odd_row" valign="top">non-existent</td>
                </tr>


                <!-- Footer -->
                <tr>
		        <td colspan="3" class="vocab_footer"><img src="spacer@2x.png" /></td>
	        </tr>

            </table>        
        </div>
        <!-- End vocab table -->


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    <title>Adjectives 16</title>

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<!-- Page 16 -->

        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Samui</i> means
        &ldquo;cold,&rdquo; but can only be used for ambient air temperature. If you go outside and
        it feels nippy, you can use <i>samui</i>. If
        you touch something and it feels cold, you must use the other word, <i>tsumetai</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy"><i>Nai</i> is a very
        frequently used word, because it means exactly the same thing as <i>arimasen</i>. 
        And since the line between verbs
        and adjectives is blurred in Japanese, this introduces some interesting
        possibilities.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">First, let me prove that <i>nai</i>
        really is equivalent to <i>arimasen</i>. The
        following two sentences are identical in meaning:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-300');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s585" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_okanega-arimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s585');" ontouchend="turnOff('s585');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s585');"><span class="nw">おかねが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b585" onclick="showTranslation('b585', 't585');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b585');" ontouchend="turnOff('b585');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b585');">(show translation)</span><span id="t585" style="display:none;">I have no money.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-301');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s586" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_okanega-nai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s586');" ontouchend="turnOff('s586');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s586');"><span class="nw">おかねが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ない。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b586" onclick="showTranslation('b586', 't586');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b586');" ontouchend="turnOff('b586');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b586');">(show translation)</span><span id="t586" style="display:none;">I have no money.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Next, let&rsquo;s consider how we would change this sentence to
        the past tense:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-310');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s587" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_okanega-arimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s587');" ontouchend="turnOff('s587');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s587');"><span class="nw">おかねが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b587" onclick="showTranslation('b587', 't587');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b587');" ontouchend="turnOff('b587');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b587');">(show translation)</span><span id="t587" style="display:none;">I had no money.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-311');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s588" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_okanega-nakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s588');" ontouchend="turnOff('s588');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s588');"><span class="nw">おかねが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b588" onclick="showTranslation('b588', 't588');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b588');" ontouchend="turnOff('b588');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b588');">(show translation)</span><span id="t588" style="display:none;">I had no money.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Because <i>nai</i> is a
        true Japanese adjective, it conjugates according to the normal adjective rules.
        Therefore, <i>nakatta</i> is short for <i>arimasen deshita</i>.</p>


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<p class="bodycopy">There&rsquo;s one place where we use <i>arimasen</i> and <i>arimasen deshita</i>
        quite a bit&mdash;in the negative and past negative for <i>desu</i>. 
        Up until now, we&rsquo;ve been using the unwieldy <i>dewa arimasen</i> and <i>dewa arimasen deshita</i>. 
        If we swap in <i>nai</i>, we can produce the shortened forms <i>dewa nai</i> and <i>dewa nakatta</i>.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Here are some example sentences to make this clear:</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-320');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s589" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_watashi-dehaarimasen');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s589');" ontouchend="turnOff('s589');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s589');"><span class="nw">わたし　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b589" onclick="showTranslation('b589', 't589');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b589');" ontouchend="turnOff('b589');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b589');">(show translation)</span><span id="t589" style="display:none;">It is not me.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-321');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s590" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_watashi-dehanai');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s590');" ontouchend="turnOff('s590');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s590');"><span class="nw">わたし　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではない。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b590" onclick="showTranslation('b590', 't590');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b590');" ontouchend="turnOff('b590');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b590');">(show translation)</span><span id="t590" style="display:none;">It is not me.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-330');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s591" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_anata-dehaarimasen-deshita');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s591');" ontouchend="turnOff('s591');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s591');"><span class="nw">あなた　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではありません　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">でした。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b591" onclick="showTranslation('b591', 't591');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b591');" ontouchend="turnOff('b591');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b591');">(show translation)</span><span id="t591" style="display:none;">It was not you.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-331');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="example_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s592" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_anata-dehanakatta');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s592');" ontouchend="turnOff('s592');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s592');"><span class="nw">あなた　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ではなかった。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b592" onclick="showTranslation('b592', 't592');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b592');" ontouchend="turnOff('b592');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b592');">(show translation)</span><span id="t592" style="display:none;">It was not you.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


<p class="bodycopy">Finally, as if that weren&rsquo;t enough abbreviation, <i>dewa</i> is often abbreviated to <i>ja</i>. In that case, <i>dewa arimasen</i> can be shortened all the way down to <i>ja nai</i>, and <i>dewa arimasen deshita</i> gets cut down to <i>ja nakatta</i>.
</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 18</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Dialog</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Let&rsquo;s see these adjectives in action as Mariko and John discuss the weather.</p>

        <div class="example">
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-340');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s593" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_kyouha-atsui-otenki-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s593');" ontouchend="turnOff('s593');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s593');"><span class="nw">きょうは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あつい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おてんき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b593" onclick="showTranslation('b593', 't593');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b593');" ontouchend="turnOff('b593');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b593');">(show translation)</span><span id="t593" style="display:none;">It&rsquo;s hot weather today, isn&rsquo;t it?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-350');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s594" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_sou-desunekinou-made-suzushikatta-noni-ne');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s594');" ontouchend="turnOff('s594');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s594');"><span class="nw">そう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きのう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">まで　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すずしかった　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">のに　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b594" onclick="showTranslation('b594', 't594');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b594');" ontouchend="turnOff('b594');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b594');">(show translation)</span><span id="t594" style="display:none;">It sure is. And it was cool up until yesterday!</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-360');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s595" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_marikosanno-ichiban-sukina--kisetsuha-itsu-desuka');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s595');" ontouchend="turnOff('s595');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s595');"><span class="nw">まりこさんの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いちばん　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すきな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">きせつは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">いつ　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b595" onclick="showTranslation('b595', 't595');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b595');" ontouchend="turnOff('b595');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b595');">(show translation)</span><span id="t595" style="display:none;">When is your favorite season?</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-370');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s596" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_akiga-suki-desune');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s596');" ontouchend="turnOff('s596');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s596');"><span class="nw">あきが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b596" onclick="showTranslation('b596', 't596');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b596');" ontouchend="turnOff('b596');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b596');">(show translation)</span><span id="t596" style="display:none;">I like the fall.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_john@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-380');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s597" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_sou-desukawatashiha-natsuno--atsui-tenkiga-suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s597');" ontouchend="turnOff('s597');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s597');"><span class="nw">そう　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですか。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">なつの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あつい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">てんきが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b597" onclick="showTranslation('b597', 't597');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b597');" ontouchend="turnOff('b597');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b597');">(show translation)</span><span id="t597" style="display:none;">Really? I like the hot weather of summer.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="example_divider">&nbsp;</div>
            <div class="example_bar_and_copy">
                <div class="dialog_person_outer"><div class="dialog_person_inner"><img class="dialog_person" src="dialogue_mariko@2x.jpg" /></div></div>
                <div class="example_icon" onclick="showIngredients('ingredients-adjectives-390');"><img class="example_icon_image" src="ingredients@2x.png" /></div>
                <div class="dialog_copy">
                    <div class="example_japanese correct_japanese" id="s598" onclick="playSound('Adjectives_henna-hito-desunewatashiha--akino-suzushii-otenkiga--suki-desu');" ontouchstart="turnOn('s598');" ontouchend="turnOff('s598');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('s598');"><span class="nw">へんな　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ひと　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">ですね。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">わたしは　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">あきの　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すずしい　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">おてんきが　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">すき　</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw">です。</span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /><span class="nw"></span><img src="spacer@2x.png" width="0" /></div>
                    
                    <div class="example_translation"><span class="example_translation_show" id="b598" onclick="showTranslation('b598', 't598');" ontouchstart="turnOn('b598');" ontouchend="turnOff('b598');" ontouchcancel="turnOff('b598');">(show translation)</span><span id="t598" style="display:none;">You&rsquo;re a weird one, aren&rsquo;t you? I like the cool weather of fall.</span></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        </div>
        <p style="clear:both;height:0px;"></p>


        <div class="subheading_level_2">Notes</div>


<p class="bodycopy"><i>Suzushikatta noni</i>:
        <i>-Noni</i> attaches to the end of a
        sentence and adds a feeling of lament. <i>Suzushikatta
        noni</i> feels like, &ldquo;Aw geez, and it was cool and everything!&rdquo;</p>


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    <title>Adjectives 19</title>

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        <div class="subheading_level_1">Summary</div>


<p class="bodycopy">Japanese has three categories of adjectives. First, there

are true Japanese adjectives, which can conjugate like a verb and end a

sentence all by themselves. We learned that when a conjugating adjective
ends a sentence, you have the option of adding <i>desu</i> afterward to make it polite, but it 
is only there for ornamental purposes. That means if you change a sentence like 
<i>Neko wa kuroi desu</i> to the past tense, it becomes <i>Neko wa <strong>kurokatta</strong> desu</i>
(and in both instances, that final <i>desu</i> can be dropped if you don&rsquo;t care about being polite).</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
Next, we saw that there are a small number of fake adjectives, which are actually

just nouns that can attach to other nouns using <i>no</i>. For example, 
we met sentences like <i>Kore wa <strong>midori no hon</strong> desu.</i>
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">
And lastly, we learned about pseudo-adjectives, which are actual adjectives
but cannot conjugate and so must attach to nouns using the buffer particle <i>na</i>.
Illustrating this, we met sentences such as <i><strong>Kantan na tesuto</strong> desu.</i>
</p>

<p class="bodycopy">We also learned the word <i>nai</i>,

which is an adjective equivalent in meaning to the verb <i>arimasen</i>. 
This allows us to shorten up long constructions such as <i>dewa arimasen deshita</i> to 
<i>dewa nakatta</i>, or even <i>ja nakatta</i>. These shortened forms are

used frequently in conversation.</p>

<p class="bodycopy">Before pressing onward, try your hand at the friendly quizzes below.</p>

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<p class="bodycopy">In our next chapter, we&rsquo;ll be learning more adjectives so you can better describe the world around you.</p>

    
          
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